Modeling acute traumatic injury

Valparaiso, Apple P.; Vicente, Diego; Bograd, Benjamin; Elster, Eric A.; Davis, Thomas A.

doi:10.1016/j.jss.2014.10.025

Cited by 48 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 142 publications

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“…Pigs have been extensively studied in models of chest trauma combined with hemorrhage, whereas most of the fracture and soft tissue injury experiments have been conducted in rats, mice, and pigs (82). Because of their similar immune system to humans, the use of non-human primates for trauma studies has been encouraged, particularly for the preclinical study of therapeutic agents (66, 85). However, ethical considerations and costs have thus far limited their widespread use.…”

Section: Obesity and Animal Models Of Critical Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Critical Illness

Mittwede

Clemmer

Bergin

et al. 2016

Shock

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Critical illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. While obesity is often detrimental in the context of trauma, it is paradoxically associated with improved outcomes in some septic patients. The reasons for these disparate outcomes are not well understood. A number of animal models have been used to study the obese response to various forms of critical illness. Just as there have been many animal models that have attempted to mimic clinical conditions, there are many clinical scenarios that can occur in the highly heterogeneous critically ill patient population that occupies hospitals and intensive care units. This poses a formidable challenge for clinicians and researchers attempting to understand the mechanisms of disease and develop appropriate therapies and treatment algorithms for specific subsets of patients, including the obese. The development of new, and the modification of existing animal models is important in order to bring effective treatments to a wide range of patients. Not only do experimental variables need to be matched as closely as possible to clinical scenarios, but animal models with pre-existing comorbid conditions need to be studied. This review briefly summarizes animal models of hemorrhage, blunt trauma, traumatic brain injury, and sepsis. It also discusses what has been learned through the use of obese models to study the pathophysiology of critical illness in light of what has been demonstrated in the clinical literature.

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Section: Obesity and Animal Models Of Critical Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Critical Illness

Mittwede

Clemmer

Bergin

et al. 2016

Shock

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“…Severe trauma is characterized by extensive local and systemic inflammation owing to direct mechanical insults, and subsequently induce disturbed immune response and multi-organ failure 42. Serious burn injury can also bring about septic complications with multiple micro-organisms by damaging mechanical barrier and bacterial contamination 43, 44.…”

Section: The Protective Effect Of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protective Effect of Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation on Critical Illness and Its Mechanism

Ren

Tong

et al. 2017

Int. J. Biol. Sci.

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Critical illnesses and injuries are recognized as major threats to human health, and they are usually accompanied by uncontrolled inflammation and dysfunction of immune response. The alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR), which is a primary receptor of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), exhibits great benefits for critical ill conditions. It is composed of 5 identical α7 subunits that form a central pore with high permeability for calcium. This putative structure is closely associated with its functional states. Activated α7nAChR exhibits extensive anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory reactions, including lowered pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, decreased expressions of chemokines as well as adhesion molecules, and altered differentiation and activation of immune cells, which are important in maintaining immune homeostasis. Well understanding of the effects and mechanisms of α7nAChR will be of great value in exploring effective targets for treating critical diseases.

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“…56,68 Cellular destruction initiates an inflammatory response whereby neutrophils are recruited to the site of injury. 69 Neutrophils further contribute to cellular damage through release of ROS and restriction of circulation to the site of injury. 70 In recent years, the focus of reperfusion injury and its associated outcomes has primarily included areas such as cardiac arrest and resuscitation, hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and stroke.…”

Section: Reperfusion Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…83 When combined with traumatic endothelial damage and other factors such as comorbid conditions, this anti-inflammatory state can lead to complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. 69 Consequently, severely injured patients have an increased risk for infection via open wound or invasive procedures and for development of inflammatory complications during hospitalization. The extent of long-term effects of an impaired immune reaction remains unknown.…”

Section: Impaired Immune Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consequences of Transfusing Blood Components in Patients With Trauma: A Conceptual Model

Jones

Frazier

2017

Critical Care Nurse

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Transfusion of blood components is often required in resuscitation of patients with major trauma. Packed red blood cells and platelets break down and undergo chemical changes during storage (known as the storage lesion) that lead to an inflammatory response once the blood components are transfused to patients. Although some evidence supports a detrimental association between transfusion and a patient’s outcome, the mechanisms connecting transfusion of stored components to outcomes remain unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide critical care nurses with a conceptual model to facilitate understanding of the relationship between the storage lesion and patients’ outcomes after trauma; outcomes related to trauma, hemorrhage, and blood component transfusion are grouped according to those occurring in the short-term (≤30 days) and the long-term (>30 days). Complete understanding of these clinical implications is critical for practitioners in evaluating and treating patients given transfusions after traumatic injury.

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Modeling acute traumatic injury

Cited by 48 publications

References 142 publications

Obesity and Critical Illness

Obesity and Critical Illness

The Protective Effect of Alpha 7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation on Critical Illness and Its Mechanism

Consequences of Transfusing Blood Components in Patients With Trauma: A Conceptual Model

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