Electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHAs) are widely used due to their high integration and high power-to-weight ratio. However, the elimination of a centralized oil source in EHAs limits the cooling capacity of the system. Excessively high temperatures can have a significant impact on the performance and lifespan of the EHA. In this paper, firstly, the power loss during energy transfer and heat dissipation characteristics of EHAs are carefully examined. To further study the heat behavior, a one-dimensional simulation model of the EHA thermal-hydraulic system is developed. By comparing the simulation results with experimental data obtained from an actual EHA system, the good agreement between the simulation and experimental results confirms that the developed model can accurately simulate the thermal behavior of EHAs.Based on the validated model, the cooling scheme of EHAs is further explored. The cooling mechanisms of air cooling and phase change heat dissipation are considered to optimize heat dissipation and manage the temperature rise within the EHA. This research provides insights and guidance for the thermal design of EHAs in the early stages to ensure system performance and extend its lifetime.