Modeling and simulation of the bending behavior of electrically-stimulated cantilevered hydrogels

Attaran, Abdolhamid; Brummund, Jörg; Wallmersperger, Thomas

doi:10.1088/0964-1726/24/3/035021

Cited by 43 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Setting ε = ε r ε 0 , where ε 0 is the vacuum permittivity, and ε r stands for the relative permittivity, we find that for Nafion membranes with ε r ranging from 20 [70] to 100 [50] containing 1 mol/L of a ionic liquid at room temperature, l D varies between 0.22 and 0.43 nm. For a membrane with thickness 2H = 0.1 mm, Eq.…”

Section: Initial and Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A constitutive framework for the analysis of electroactuation of IPMCs has been developed in [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], to mention but a few. Most of these studies focus on the time-dependent response at the initial interval of deformation (immediately after application of voltage), presume diffusivity of positive ions to exceed strongly that of negative ions, and explain bending of a membrane by the action of ionic pressure developed in a domain rich in positive ions near the negative electrode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling the response of polymer–ionic liquid electromechanical actuators

Drozdov

2015

Acta Mech

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A model is derived for the electromechanical response of a porous membrane swollen with an ionic liquid and sandwiched between two nanoscale-thin electrodes under DC current. Bending of the membrane is induced by pressure in pores arising due to diffusion of ions through a network of nanochannels. Transport of ions is governed by the applied electric field and redox reactions at the surfaces of electrodes. Constitutive equations for the mechanical response of a porous medium and diffusion of ions are derived by means of the free energy imbalance inequality under an arbitrary deformation with finite strains. Under the assumption regarding small strains, but finite changes in concentrations of ions and the electrostatic potential, an explicit expression is developed for the curvature of the membrane. A steady-state solution to the Poisson-NernstPlanck equations is obtained by means of the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Results of numerical analysis demonstrate the ability of the constitutive equations to describe observations. In particular, the model provides an explanation for bending to the anode and to the cathode and predicts qualitatively the effects of applied voltage, concentration of ionic liquid, and thickness of a membrane on its curvature.

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Section: Initial and Boundary Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the response of polymer–ionic liquid electromechanical actuators

Drozdov

2015

Acta Mech

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“…Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks made of lightly cross-linked polymer chains, which are capable of imbibing vast amount of water. Based on the structure and composition of the polymer chains, the swelling ratio of hydrogel networks might be affected by various external stimuli such as pH [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], temperature [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], light [17,18], mechanical loads [19] and electrical fields [20][21][22]. Smart hydrogels have been found to be a suitable material for a wide range of biomedical [23,24], drug delivery [5,23], sensor and actuator [22,25,26], soft robotic [14,27,28] and tissue engineering [28][29][30] applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite bending of bilayer pH-responsive hydrogels: A novel analytic method and finite element analysis

Arbabi

Baghani

Abdolahi

et al. 2017

Composites Part B: Engineering

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Recently bilayer smart hydrogel beams are widely used in various applications such as sensors, actuators, self-folding structures and switches. Developing a strong tool for designing these bilayer smart hydrogel beams is necessary. In this article, we developed an analytical method to solve the swelling induced bending of bilayer beams made of a pH-sensitive layer attached to an inert elastomer layer. A total deformation gradient tensor, without assuming any intermediary virtual state, is defined to map the initial configuration to the deformed state. An exponential function with four constants is employed to describe the deformation of the pH-sensitive gel layer. The proposed method leads to a system of equations with six unknowns that can be simply solved via numerical techniques. As a case study, this method is implemented to solve the swelling induced bending of several bilayer beams with various parameters. The outcomes of the analytical solution are in excellent agreement with the finite element method results, thus confirming the strength of the presented method.

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“…The main advantage of electric field responsive hydrogels over other pH responsive gels is the control of swelling properties by modulating the electric field. Electric field responsive hydrogels can undergo swelling, shrinking, or bending depending on the stimuli factors [83][84][85][86][87][88] . For example, acid sodium salt-modified pluronic hydrogel experience bends in salt solution without contacting with anode or cathode when electric field applied [84] .…”

Section: Electric Field Responsive Hydrogelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart hydrogels for 3D bioprinting

Wang¹,

Lee²,

Yeong³

2024

IJB

149

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Hydrogels are 3D networks that have a high water content. They have been widely used as cell carriers and scaffolds in tissue engineering due to their structural similarities to the natural extracellular matrix. Among these, "Smart" hydrogels refer to a group of hydrogels that is responsive to various external stimuli such as pH, temperature, light, electric, and magnetic field. Combining the potential of 3D printing and smart hydrogels is an exciting new paradigm in the fabrication of a functional 3D tissue. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art review on smart hydrogels and bioprinting. We identify the critical material properties needed for the most commonly used bioprinting techniques, namely extrusion-based, inkjet-based, and laser-based techniques. The latest progress in different smart hydrogel systems and their applications in bioprinting are presented. The challenges of printing these hydrogel systems are also highlighted. Lastly, we present the potentials and the future perspectives of smart hydrogels in 3D bioprinting.

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Modeling and simulation of the bending behavior of electrically-stimulated cantilevered hydrogels

Cited by 43 publications

References 67 publications

Modeling the response of polymer–ionic liquid electromechanical actuators

Modeling the response of polymer–ionic liquid electromechanical actuators

Finite bending of bilayer pH-responsive hydrogels: A novel analytic method and finite element analysis

Smart hydrogels for 3D bioprinting

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