Modeling and Simulation Studies Analyzing the Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and PRO-Hybridized Processes

Chae, Sung Ho; Kim, Young Mi; Park, Hosik; Seo, Jangwon; Lim, Seung Ji; Kim, Joon Ha

doi:10.3390/en12020243

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(233 reference statements)

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“…Known theoretical expressions, i.e., Equations (13) and (15), for cases of kd→∞ and kf→∞, and the presented ones, Equations (16) and (17), were applied for prediction of the values of the structural parameter, S. These were conducted using the measured water flux data under the previously specified operating conditions. There has been no direct, acceptable measurement's method for the determination of the structural parameter until now.…”

Section: Prediction Of the Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These most recent transport expressions involve the effect of all four transport layers (see Figure A1). These resistances can be introduced into Loeb et al equations resulting in the expressions in Equations (16) and (17) for the case of kd ≠∞ and kf ≠∞.…”

Section: Prediction Of the Membrane Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equations (16) and (17) clearly show that the external resistance adjacent to the support layer, kf, can also have a significant impact in determining the structural parameter. The degree to which this effect can influence the predicted value of the structural parameter is similar in the extent to the external resistance of the active layer.…”

Section: Prediction Of the Membrane Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes

et al. 2021

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The widely used van ’t Hoff linear relation for predicting the osmotic pressure of NaCl solutions may result in errors in the evaluation of key system parameters, which depend on osmotic pressure, in pressure-retarded osmosis and forward osmosis. In this paper, the linear van ’t Hoff approach is compared to the solutions using OLI Stream Analyzer, which gives the real osmotic pressure values. Various dilutions of NaCl solutions, including the lower solute concentrations typical of river water, are considered. Our results indicate that the disparity in the predicted osmotic pressure of the two considered methods can reach 30%, depending on the solute concentration, while that in the predicted power density can exceed over 50%. New experimental results are obtained for NanoH2O and Porifera membranes, and theoretical equations are also developed. Results show that discrepancies arise when using the van ’t Hoff equation, compared to the OLI method. At higher NaCl concentrations (C > 1.5 M), the deviation between the linear approach and the real values increases gradually, likely indicative of a larger error in van ’t Hoff predictions. The difference in structural parameter values predicted by the two evaluation methods is also significant; it can exceed the typical 50–70% range, depending on the operating conditions. We find that the external mass transfer coefficients should be considered in the evaluation of the structural parameter in order to avoid overestimating its value. Consequently, measured water flux and predicted structural parameter values from our own and literature measurements are recalculated with the OLI software to account for external mass transfer coefficients.

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Section: Prediction Of the Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prediction Of the Membrane Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Prediction Of the Membrane Structural Parametermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes

et al. 2021

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“…Siria et al fabricated a hierarchical nanofluidic device comprising a BNNT piercing an ultrathin membrane and connecting two fluid reservoirs. This transmembrane geometry afforded a power density per unit tube surface of ≈4 kW m −2 for a single BNNT [ 110 ]; this value is vastly greater than the power densities reported for current pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes [ 111 ]. This result suggested that BNNTs can be used as membranes for high-efficiency osmotic power harvesting under a salinity gradient.…”

Section: Perspectives On Key Membrane Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT) Membranes for Energy and Environmental Applications

et al. 2020

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Owing to their extraordinary thermal, mechanical, optical, and electrical properties, boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) have been attracting considerable attention in various scientific fields, making it more promising as a nanomaterial compared to other nanotubes. Recent studies reported that BNNTs exhibit better properties than carbon nanotubes, which have been extensively investigated for most environment-energy applications. Irrespective of its chirality, BNNT is a constant wide-bandgap insulator, exhibiting thermal oxidation resistance, piezoelectric properties, high hydrogen adsorption, ultraviolet luminescence, cytocompatibility, and stability. These unique properties of BNNT render it an exceptional material for separation applications, e.g., membranes. Recent studies reported that water filtration, gas separation, sensing, and battery separator membranes can considerably benefit from these properties. That is, flux, rejection, anti-fouling, sensing, structural, thermal, electrical, and optical properties of membranes can be enhanced by the contribution of BNNTs. Thus far, a majority of studies have focused on molecular simulation. Hence, the requirement of an extensive review has emerged. In this perspective article, advanced properties of BNNTs are analyzed, followed by a discussion on the advantages of these properties for membrane science with an overview of the current literature. We hope to provide insights into BNNT materials and accelerate research for environment-energy applications.

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“…The practical energy consumption of the RO process in a single-stage system can be calculated as:

where η p is the pump efficiency (often assumed to range from 0.8–0.85), η E is the efficiency of the energy recovery device (often assumed to range from 0.90–0.98), and Y is the fractional water recovery (typically assumed to reach up to 0.5) [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].

and

are the frictional pressure drops in the piping and membrane module, respectively [ 47 ]; π* is the osmotic pressure of the feed water at the membrane wall, which can be defined as π* = π 0 · exp( J w / k ), with the following assumptions: (1) the solute is completely rejected by the RO membrane; (2) the ratio of solute concentrations ( C w / C b ) is approximately equal to the ratio of osmotic pressures, π* / π 0 [ 48 ]; k is the solute mass-transfer coefficient.…”

Section: Membrane Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Membrane and Electrochemical Processes for Water Desalination: A Short Perspective and the Role of Nanotechnology

2020

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In the past few decades, membrane-based processes have become mainstream in water desalination because of their relatively high water flux, salt rejection, and reasonable operating cost over thermal-based desalination processes. The energy consumption of the membrane process has been continuously lowered (from >10 kWh m−3 to ~3 kWh m−3) over the past decades but remains higher than the theoretical minimum value (~0.8 kWh m−3) for seawater desalination. Thus, the high energy consumption of membrane processes has led to the development of alternative processes, such as the electrochemical, that use relatively less energy. Decades of research have revealed that the low energy consumption of the electrochemical process is closely coupled with a relatively low extent of desalination. Recent studies indicate that electrochemical process must overcome efficiency rather than energy consumption hurdles. This short perspective aims to provide platforms to compare the energy efficiency of the representative membrane and electrochemical processes based on the working principle of each process. Future water desalination methods and the potential role of nanotechnology as an efficient tool to overcome current limitations are also discussed.

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Modeling and Simulation Studies Analyzing the Pressure-Retarded Osmosis (PRO) and PRO-Hybridized Processes

Cited by 21 publications

References 123 publications

The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes

The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes

Boron Nitride Nanotube (BNNT) Membranes for Energy and Environmental Applications

Membrane and Electrochemical Processes for Water Desalination: A Short Perspective and the Role of Nanotechnology

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