“…Currently, limited modeling and simulation are required for market approval, which relies more on statistical comparison between treatment groups after phase III [23]. However, modeling and simulation can have a role in the analysis of Phase III data in order to define the relationship between exposure and clinical endpoint, evaluate PK DDI and simulate alternative potential regimens in certain subgroups, for example, patients with renal impairment [24]. A key step for successful TB drug development is to use modeling and simulation to predict the efficacy of combinations, including DDIs, for, for example, synergy.…”