“…Although SFO, DRM, and FWA explore well, they tend to fall into local optima. To date, multiple improved metaheuristics have been developed to efficiently tackle real-world optimization problems including performance optimization [61], neural network training [62], object tracking [63,64], engineering design problems [65][66][67][68], scheduling problem [69,70], image segmentation [71,72], traveling salesman problem [73], multi-attribute decision making [74][75][76][77], feature selection [78][79][80][81][82], medical data classification [83][84][85][86], bankruptcy prediction [87][88][89], PID optimization control [90][91][92], gate resource allocation [93,94], fault diagnosis of rolling bearings [95,96] and detection of foreign fiber in cotton [97,98].…”