“…Researchers have made progress on (a) by using distributed semantics (DS) models (illustrated in Figure 1A), which exploit statistics of word use in large collections of text to derive semantic representations of words in the form of real-valued vectors (Howard et al, 2011;Jones & Mewhort, 2007;Landauer & Dumais, 1997;Mikolov et al, 2013;Pennington et al, 2014; for reviews, see Bhatia et al, 2019;Lenci, 2018;or Günther et al, 2019). These, and related models based on corpus statistics (e.g., Chaudhari et al, 2011;Ji et al, 2008;Matusevych & Stevenson, 2018;Peirsman & Geeraerts, 2009), can predict associations between pairs of words (e.g., stork and baby) by using the co-occurrence frequencies and the absolute frequencies of the words in language (Griffiths et al, 2007;Jones et al, 2018;Nematzadeh et al, 2017;Pereira et al, 2016). However, the combination of these representations with cognitive process models of memory-that is, requirement (b) from above-has been limited.…”