“…Air pollution poses an outstanding challenge to public health and even pathogen epidemics. − Particulate matter (PM), a particulate component of air pollution, can increase the occurrence of various detrimental health effects. ,− Recently, mounting data have evidenced the implications of PMs in pathogen (e.g., bacteria and viruses) transmission and epidemic spreading. ,− For instance, many epidemiological studies have suggested that PM pollution is positively correlated to clinical influenza-like illness, active tuberculosis, and even the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). − Of note, it has also been proposed that pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, could attach to dust particles or tiny droplets as bioaerosols. ,,− Although a large amount of evidence indicates the possibility for pathogens traveling and transmitting through hitchhiking with PMs, much less is understood regarding the co-exposure of PMs and pathogens. In fact, numerous questions need to be answered, that is, how pathogens load on PMs, whether the co-exposure of PMs and pathogens together would induce more severe detrimental effects, and what are the long-term effects of co-exposure to PMs and pathogens together on the respiratory system.…”