Modeling early-life adversity in the laboratory: animal models, their advantages, and future directions in extrapolating findings to humans

Campbell, Taylor S.; Roth, Tania L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821785-6.00013-x

Perinatal and Developmental Epigenetics 2023

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821785-6.00013-x

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Modeling early-life adversity in the laboratory: animal models, their advantages, and future directions in extrapolating findings to humans

Taylor S. Campbell

Tania L. Roth

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Cited by 2 publications

References 107 publications

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Early life stress and the role of environmental and molecular moderators in the ontology of pathological and resilient behavioral phenotypes

Collins,

Campbell,

Donoghue

et al. 2023

Mol. Psychol.

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Early life stress (ELS) in the form of trauma or caregiver abuse and neglect is often associated with psychopathology. However, not everyone exposed to ELS develops a pathology; others display resilience, or the ability to adapt and persevere despite ongoing adversity. Several molecular moderator variables between ELS and behavioral phenotypes have been proposed, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and epigenetic markers. Specifically, several SNPs and aberrant methylation or expression of genes associated with neurotransmitter systems and brain-derived neurotrophic factor have been associated with anxiety, depression or schizophrenia. The present review seeks to explore the relationship between SNPs, epigenomics and disease, and offer data to suggest several SNPs may also predict specific treatment efficacy and psychological resilience. Due to these different mental health outcomes as a function of ELS, it is critical that environmental moderators be equally considered in determining the ontology of resilient or pathological phenotypes; this includes the infant-caregiver relationship, and the degree of control, magnitude, and type of the stressor experienced. Finally, we will offer evidence to suggest that several intervention strategies, including drug treatment, environmental enrichment, or exercise can ameliorate many of the psychological, biological, and molecular consequences of ELS exposure, and help shift one toward a resilient phenotype.

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Early life stress and the role of environmental and molecular moderators in the ontology of pathological and resilient behavioral phenotypes

Collins,

Campbell,

Donoghue

et al. 2023

Mol. Psychol.

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Friend or foe? Early life adversity to improve farmed animal welfare

Campbell

2024

Front. Anim. Sci.

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Early life experiences can have lasting impacts on an animal’s development. Extensive research evidence aligns across both human and non-human rodent and primate laboratory animals showing negative impacts of early life adversity such as impairments in neurological and behavioural development. Farmed animals experience a range of adversities across their production lifetimes, often early in life, including species atypical social groupings, invasive husbandry procedures, and transport. Correspondingly, farmed animals also demonstrate a wide range of impairments such as stereotypic, injurious, and other abnormal behaviours. An individual, however, needs to experience adversity to be able to develop resilience and coping mechanisms that facilitate dealing with challenges later in life. Not all individuals will experience stress vulnerability following adversity, with some individuals instead developing stress resilience. This mini review collates evidence on the positive effects of early life adversity on improving adaptability in farmed species, both terrestrial and aquatic. While evidence across farmed animal species is currently much less than for humans, laboratory rodents or non-human primates, similar patterns emerge where mild adversity early in life, can improve the adaptability of the animal in the face of future stressors. Many views of optimised welfare posit that farmed animals should be housed in as natural environments as possible to limit many of the typical adversities they face. However, strategic mild exposure to early life adversity may facilitate improved animal welfare under intensive commercial farming conditions. Future research into this area could provide management tools to better predict and promote stress resilience over stress vulnerability.

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Modeling early-life adversity in the laboratory: animal models, their advantages, and future directions in extrapolating findings to humans

Cited by 2 publications

References 107 publications

Early life stress and the role of environmental and molecular moderators in the ontology of pathological and resilient behavioral phenotypes

Early life stress and the role of environmental and molecular moderators in the ontology of pathological and resilient behavioral phenotypes

Friend or foe? Early life adversity to improve farmed animal welfare

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