“…Banking systems have experienced a trend toward greater market concentration and a decline in the number of banks in recent decades. Driven by market power Laeven, 2004, 2005;Carbó-Valverde et al, 2009;Koetter et al, 2012), scale economy (Berger, 1995;DeYoung et al, 2009;DeYoung, 2012;Wheelock and Wilson, 2012) and too-big-to-fail motives (Mishkin, 2006;Kane, 2000;Stolz and Wedow, 2010;Laeven and Valencia, 2010;Carow et al 2011) banks have become larger. 1 However, these big, complex, and increasingly opaque banks exploited financial safety nets and took risks that endangered economies (Blinder, 2010;Feldman and Stern, 2010;Liikanen, 2012;IMF, 2013).…”