Modeling emissions of volatile organic compounds from new carpets

Little, John C.; Hodgson, Alfred T.; Gadgil, Ashok

doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90097-3

Cited by 277 publications

(184 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…However, this model is empirical model, and it is only used to predict emission rate at day 14 or less [19]. Studies [20][21][22] show VOCs emission performance of building materials is characterized by three key parameters: initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient, and the partition coefficient. Emission rate of building material could be calculated by using mass transfer model when these three parameters are given [23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Testing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Labeling of volatile organic compounds emissions from Chinese furniture: Consideration and practice

2013

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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from furniture are recognized as a main cause of bad indoor air quality. In European countries and the U.S., labeling systems for furniture have been established with good effect to address this issue. However, there are problems with these labeling systems. For example, too many VOCs were targeted, and the testing time was too long (7-28 d). Aiming at solving these problems, solutions are put forward to establish furniture VOCs emissions labeling system in China and some practices are introduced in this paper. They are: some furniture popular in the market were tested and main VOCs emitted from these furniture were identified; furniture loading factors in residential homes were surveyed, and reference bedroom and reference living room were established according to the survey results to make emission rate thresholds of furniture; C-history method was developed and applied to testing furniture which could shorten the testing time to 3 d; a reference toluene sample for assessing the precision of the test results of chamber system was prepared. These works are technically helpful for establishing furniture VOCs labeling system in China.indoor air quality (IAQ), formaldehyde, chamber, building environment Citation:

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Section: Testing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Labeling of volatile organic compounds emissions from Chinese furniture: Consideration and practice

2013

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“…Health problems observed at VOC concentrations below workplace standards include eye irritation, chemical sensitization, and decreased mental alertness. Over the past 15 years, scientists have sought to characterize VOC emissions from such products as moth balls ( Tichenor et al, 1990;Chang and Krebs, 1992 ), carpeting ( Sollinger et al, 1993a,b;Little et al, 1994 ), construction materials (Gammage and Matthews, 1988 ), arts and crafts materials ( Thompson and Thompson, 1990 ), wood coatings and finishes, (Chang and Guo, 1992;Guo et al, 1998Guo et al, , 1999Anex and Lund, 1999 ) , paint stripper ( Girman et al, 1987 ), indoor insecticides (Bukowski and Meyer, 1995 ), herbicides tracked indoors (Nishioka et al, 1996 ), household cleaners (Kovacs et al, 1997) , fragrances in detergents and cosmetic products ( Cooper et al, 1995 ), tap water ( McKone, 1987;Tancre Âde et al, 1992;Wilkes et al, 1992Wilkes et al, , 1996, home humidifiers (Highsmith et al, 1992 ), and various combinations of products (Pickrell et al, 1983;Wallace et al, 1987;Wallace et al, 1989 ). Ott and Roberts ( 1998 ) point out the need to consider people's exposure to VOCs, and not just a chemical's toxicity or its total emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling methylene chloride exposure-reduction options for home paint-stripper users

Riley

Small

Fischhoff

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Home improvement is a popular activity, but one that can also involve exposure to hazardous substances. Paint stripping is of particular concern because of the high potential exposures to methylene chloride, a solvent that is a potential human carcinogen and neurotoxicant. This article presents a general methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for reducing these risks. It doubles as a model that assesses exposure patterns, incorporating user time ± activity patterns and risk -mitigation strategies. The model draws upon recent innovations in indoor air -quality modeling to estimate exposure through inhalation and dermal pathways to paint -stripper users. It is designed to use data gathered from home paint -stripper users about room characteristics, amount of stripper used, time ± activity patterns and exposure -reduction strategies ( e.g., increased ventilation and modification in the timing of stripper application, scraping, and breaks ) . Results indicate that the effectiveness of behavioral interventions depends strongly on characteristics of the room ( e.g., size, number and size of doors and windows, base air -exchange rates ) . The greatest simple reduction in exposure is achieved by using an exhaust fan in addition to opening windows and doors. These results can help identify the most important information for product labels and other risk -communication materials.

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“…Initial concentration (C 0 ) is a parameter of a model to predict emission rates of VOCs from diffusion controlled materials. [5][6][7][8] Traditional methods for measuring concentrations of VOCs in solid materials have used solvents or heat to extract target compounds. However, free-volume theory has been used to describe how the structure, and consequently the mass transfer characteristics, of a polymer can be affected by temperature and the presence of chemical solvents.…”

Section: Measuring Concentrations Of Volatile Organic Compounds In VImentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Vinyl Flooring

Cox

Little

Hodgson

2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The initial solid-phase concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a key parameter influencing the emission characteristics of many indoor materials. Solid-phase measurements are typically made using solvent extraction or thermal headspace analysis. The high temperatures and chemical solvents associated with these methods can modify the physical structure of polymeric materials and, consequently, affect mass transfer characteristics.To measure solid-phase concentrations under conditions resembling those in which the material would be installed in an indoor environment, a new technique was developed for measuring VOC concentrations in vinyl flooring (VF) and similar materials. A 0.09-m 2 section of new VF was punched randomly to produce ~200 0.78-cm 2 disks. The disks were milled to a powder at -140 °C to simultaneously homogenize the material and reduce the diffusion path length without loss of VOCs. VOCs were extracted from the VF particles at room temperature by fluidized-bed desorption (FBD) and by direct thermal desorption (DTD) at elevated temperatures. The VOCs in the extraction gas from FBD and DTD were collected on sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seven VOCs emitted by VF were quantified. Concentration measurements by FBD ranged from 5.1 µg/g VF for n-hexadecane to 130 µg/g VF for phenol. Concentrations measured by DTD were higher than concentrations measured by FBD. Differences between FBD and DTD results may be explained using free-volume and dual-mobility sorption theory, but further research is necessary to more completely characterize the complex nature of a diffusant in a polymer matrix.

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Modeling emissions of volatile organic compounds from new carpets

Cited by 277 publications

References 13 publications

Labeling of volatile organic compounds emissions from Chinese furniture: Consideration and practice

Labeling of volatile organic compounds emissions from Chinese furniture: Consideration and practice

Modeling methylene chloride exposure-reduction options for home paint-stripper users

Measuring Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Vinyl Flooring

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