Modeling estimates of the global emission of dimethylsulfide under enhanced greenhouse conditions

Gabric, Albert Jerome; Simo, R.; Cropp, Roger Allan; Hirst, Anthony C.; Dachs, Jordi

doi:10.1029/2003gb002183

Cited by 68 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…The effect of anthropogenic climate change on DMS production and emission has been shown to be relatively small globally (Bopp et al, 2003;Gabric et al, 2004;Gunson et al, 2006;Vallina et al, 2007;Kloster et al, 2007), although, regionally, larger sensitivities have been reported (Bopp et al, 2003;Kloster et al, 2007). Most of these studies predict an increase in global surface DMS concentrations or sea-air fluxes of about 2 to 14 % in response to global warming, while Kloster et al (2007) model a 10 % decrease under a future scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We estimate the additional transient surface warming T s caused by a potential reduction of marine dimethyl sulfide (DMS) production due to ocean acidification under the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 until the year 2200. Since we use a fully coupled Earth system model, our results include a range of feedbacks, such as the response of marine DMS production to the additional changes in temperature and sea ice cover. Our results are broadly consistent with the findings of a previous study that employed an offline model set-up. Assuming a medium (strong) sensitivity of DMS production to pH, we find an additional transient global warming of 0.30 K (0.47 K) towards the end of the 22nd century when DMS emissions are reduced by 7.3 Tg S yr −1 or 31 % (11.5 Tg S yr −1 or 48 %). The main mechanism behind the additional warming is a reduction of cloud albedo, but a change in shortwave radiative fluxes under clear-sky conditions due to reduced sulfate aerosol load also contributes significantly. We find an approximately linear relationship between reduction of DMS emissions and changes in top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes as well as changes in surface temperature for the range of DMS emissions considered here. For example, global average T s changes by −0.041 K per 1 Tg S yr −1 change in sea-air DMS fluxes. The additional warming in our model has a pronounced asymmetry between northern and southern high latitudes. It is largest over the Antarctic continent, where the additional temperature increase of 0.56 K (0.89 K) is almost twice the global average. We find that feedbacks are small on the global scale due to opposing regional contributions. The most pronounced feedback is found for the Southern Ocean, where we estimate that the additional climate change enhances sea-air DMS fluxes by about 9 % (15 %), which counteracts the reduction due to ocean acidification.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model

et al. 2017

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“…C 6 H + 6 in the presence of benzene). In pure nitrogen or air, trace water vapor leads to the formation of water clusters, H + (H 2 O) n , as the dominant positive ion species (Good et al, 1970). Trace gas constituents with lower ionization potential or higher proton affinity than the dominant ions are ionized by charge or proton transfer.…”

Section: Historical Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the subsequent DYCOMS-II field program, DMS flux measurements by APIMS-ILS were used to compute entrainment velocities at the cloud-top inversion of a stratocumulus-capped marine boundary layer (Stevens et al, 2003;Faloona et al, 2005). Good et al (1970) established the sequence and kinetics of ion formation in moist nitrogen at 4 Torr, leading from the initial ionized species, N + 2 , to water clusters of the following form, where the distribution of clusters up to H + (H 2 O) n depends on water vapor concentration, pressure and temperature.…”

Section: Historical Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the role of sulfate aerosols in both direct and indirect climate forcing, the biogeochemical cycling of DMS has been studied extensively for several decades (e.g., Charlson et al, 1987;Fogelqvist, 1991;Falkowski et al, 1992;Bates et al, 1992;Andreae and Crutzen, 1997;Gabric et al, 2004). Gas transfer at the sea-air interface links the DMS biogeochemical cycle in the surface ocean to atmospheric aerosol production and cloud physics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Mass spectrometric measurement of DMS by atmospheric pressure ionization with an isotopically labeled standard (APIMS-ILS) is a sensitive method with sufficient bandpass for direct flux measurements by eddy correlation. Use of an isotopically labeled internal standard greatly reduces instrumental drift, improving accuracy and precision. APIMS-ILS has been used in several recent campaigns to study ocean-atmosphere gas transfer and the chemical budget of DMS in the marine boundary layer. This paper provides a comprehensive description of the method and errors associated with DMS flux measurement from ship platforms. The APIMS-ILS instrument used by most groups today has a sensitivity of 100-200 counts s −1 pptv −1 , which is shown to be more than sufficient for flux measurement by eddy covariance. Mass spectral backgrounds (blanks) are determined by stripping DMS from ambient air with gold. The instrument is found to exhibit some high frequency signal loss, with a half-power frequency of ≈1 Hz, but a correction based on an empirically determined instrument response function is presented. Standard micrometeorological assumptions of steady state and horizontal uniformity are found to be appropriate for DMS flux measurement, but rapid changes in mean DMS mixing ratio may serve as a warning that measured flux does not represent the true surface flux. In addition, bias in surface flux estimates arising from the flux divergence is not generally significant in the surface layer, but under conditions of lowered inversion and high flux may become so. The effects of error in motion corrections and of vertical motion within the surface layer concentration gradient are discussed and the estimated maximum error from these effects is ≤18%.

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“…Modelling by Lovelock and Kump [82] indicated that the sulfur cycle could exert its greatest influence over climate during glacial periods and in the absence of an anthropogenic influence. Gabric et al [83] also used modelling to understand the DMS production in surface waters and then extended this work to assess the response of marine biology to a changing climate, [84,85] showing the expected increase in wind speed would enhance DMS fluxes to atmosphere. [86] More recent modelling studies [87][88][89] suggest that climate change will result in a small, 1-2%, global increase in DMS emissions, with the potential for a small negative feedback (cooling).…”

Section: Feedbacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments

2007

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Environmental context. Understanding the role of clouds in the warming and the cooling of the planet and how that role alters in a warming world is one of the biggest uncertainties climate change researchers face. Important in this regard is the influence on cloud properties of cloud condensation nuclei, the tiny atmospheric particles necessary for the nucleation of every single cloud droplet. The anthropogenic contribution to cloud condensation nuclei is known to be large in some regions through knowledge of pollutant emissions; however, the natural processes that regulate cloud condensation nuclei over large parts of the globe are less well understood. The CLAW hypothesis provides a mechanism by which plankton may modify climate through the atmospheric sulfur cycle via the provision of sulfate cloud condensation nuclei. The CLAW hypothesis was published over 20 years ago and has stimulated a great deal of research.Abstract. The CLAW hypothesis has for 20 years provided the intriguing prospect of oceanic and atmospheric systems exhibiting in an intimately coupled way a capacity to react to changing climate in a manner that opposes the change. A great number of quality scientific papers has resulted, many confirming details of specific links between oceanic phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide (DMS) emission to the atmosphere, the importance of DMS oxidation products in regulation of marine atmospheric cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) populations, and a concomitant influence on marine stratocumulus cloud properties. However, despite various links in the proposed phytoplankton-DMS-CCN-cloud albedo climate feedback loop being affirmed, there has been no overall scientific synthesis capable of adequately testing the hypothesis at a global scale. Moreover, significant gaps and contradictions remain, such as a lack of quantitative understanding of new particle formation processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer, and of the extent to which dynamical, rather than microphysical, cloud feedbacks exist. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in understanding 'Earth System Science' involving the integration of ocean and atmospheric systems inherent in the CLAW hypothesis. We present here a short review of this progress since the publication of the CLAW hypothesis.

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Modeling estimates of the global emission of dimethylsulfide under enhanced greenhouse conditions

Cited by 68 publications

References 85 publications

Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model

Amplification of global warming through pH dependence of DMS production simulated with a fully coupled Earth system model

Determining the sea-air flux of dimethylsulfide by eddy correlation using mass spectrometry

The CLAW hypothesis: a review of the major developments

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