“…Thus, VVT has an impact on the volumetric efficiency of the aspiration from the intake manifold into the cylinders (see Heywood, 1988). Its influence can be modeled (see Colin, Chamaillard, Bloch, & Corde, 2007;Leroy, Chauvin, Le Berr, Duparchy, & Alix, 2008; Stefanopoulou, Cook, Grizzle, & Freudenberg, 1998, for example), but errors cannot be avoided, leading to in-cylinder prediction errors, which unavoidably propagate, through feedforward terms, into the FAR management system. This issue generates pollution peaks and results in poor driveability.…”