Modeling Material Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloys

Guo, Ziqi; Saunders, N.; Miodownik, Peter; Schillé, Jean-Philippe

doi:10.1007/s11664-007-0218-1

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It is a Java based material processing software which calculates phase equilibria of multi‐component alloys based on the CALPHAD (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) method . For each individual phase in multi‐component systems, properties, such as molar volume, thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are calculated using simple pair‐wise mixture models . First, isothermal phase transformation curves of ferrite, pearlite, and bainite are calculated and depicted in a Time Temperature Transformation diagram (TTT) .…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Deformation on Phase Transformation and Precipitation of Steels for Oil Country Tubular Goods

Timoshenkov

Warczok

Albu

et al. 2014

steel research int.

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This work presents different modeling approaches for the description of the microstructure evolution in a typical C–Mn micro‐alloyed steel for pipes and tubes in the oil field industry. A comparison between the continuous‐cooling‐transformation (CCT) diagram of the material with no deformation and the DCCT diagram after single‐ and multiple‐step deformation is presented. The experiments are performed on a high‐speed deformation dilatometer. The start of austenite decomposition is simulated with the software JMatPro, whereas the bainite and martensite start temperature are additionally evaluated with empirical formulae available in the literature. The precipitation state of the micro‐alloying elements is investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and compared with calculated ones by using the software package MatCalc. Our simulation results are directly applicable to the optimization of microstructure and properties in the production of steels for oil country tubular goods.

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Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Deformation on Phase Transformation and Precipitation of Steels for Oil Country Tubular Goods

Timoshenkov

Warczok

Albu

et al. 2014

steel research int.

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“…In photovoltaic (PV) modules, made of crystalline silicon solar cells, cracking of silicon near soldered metallic interconnects has been widely observed and reported [1][2][3][4][5]. In order to identify the cause of cell cracking, the module integration process needs to be thoroughly understood and magnitudes of the residual stress at different process steps need to be evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At these high temperatures of soldering and lamination (also called encapsulation), because of mismatch of CTE, constituent materials tend to develop differential thermal strain and thus high residual stress. These internal residual stresses are detrimental to the reliability of the solar cells and modules as they act as stress localization centers and initiate cracking and failure during the operation of the module [1][2][3][4][5]. Further, with the thinning of the silicon wafer to reduce cost, the silicon cell becomes even more susceptible to cracking because of higher residual stresses [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have used different experimental and numerical simulations to evaluate the residual thermal stress due to soldering and lamination, and stresses due to operational loads [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Gabor et al [4] and Wendt et al [5] used analytical methods to evaluate solderinginduced stresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee and Tay [9,10] used FEA to determine thermal stresses induced in PV modules post-lamination and also during operation. Several other researchers have studied stresses due to lamination and thermo-mechanical loading using both FEA and experiments [11][12][13][14][15][16], but these studies either ignored effects of soldering in subsequent lamination process or considered only soldered state of the cells. Budiman et al [17][18][19] demonstrated for the first time the use of Synchrotron Scanning X-ray Micro-diffraction (μSXRD) to characterize the residual stress in the solar cells of PV laminates made of mono-crystalline silicon cells with back metallization technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From cells to laminate: probing and modeling residual stress evolution in thin silicon photovoltaic modules using synchrotron X‐ray micro‐diffraction experiments and finite element simulations

Tippabhotla

Radchenko

Song

et al. 2017

Progress in Photovoltaics

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High stress and fracture of silicon crystalline solar cells has recently been observed in increasing percentages especially in solar photovoltaics (PV) modules involving thinner silicon solar cells (<200 um). Many failures due to fracture of cells have been reported from the field and handling. However, a significantly higher number of failures have also been reported during module integration (soldering/ stringing and lamination) indicating a PV laminate/module with significantly high residual stresses and hence more prone to cell fractures. We characterize the residual stress evolution in crystalline silicon solar cells during module integration process, which is the current knowledge gap. The residual stress characterization was achieved through a systematic research using synchrotron X-ray submicron diffraction experiments coupled with physics-based Finite Element modeling of the PV module integration process. Thought this work we also demonstrate the unique capability of Synchrotron X-ray submicron diffraction to quantitatively probe residual stress in encapsulated silicon solar cells that has ultimately enabled these findings leading to the enlightening of the role of soldering and encapsulation processes. While our experiments quantify the stress at different process states including encapsulated cells, our FEA simulations, for the first time unravel the physical reasoning for the stress evolution and expected to bridge the knowledge gap. This model can be further used to suggest methodologies that could lead to lower stress in encapsulated silicon solar cells, which are the subjects of our continued investigations.

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Calculation of surface tensions for liquid mixtures using the SWCF‐VR EOS and Butler‐type method

Peng

et al. 2019

AIChE Journal

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A generalized surface tension model for various types of liquid mixtures by coupling the equation of state for square-well chain fluids with variable ranges and Butler type method was presented. Transferable molecular parameters fitted from experimental pVT of pure fluids were used. The reliability of this model were tested with liquid mixtures including 87 conventional fluid mixtures, 20 aqueous alcohol-amine solutions, 12 ionic liquid solutions, 7 polymer solutions, and 4 liquid alloys. The overall average absolute deviations in correlations with one parameter for all binary mixtures, in predictions for all conventional binary mixtures except aqueous solutions and for all ternary mixtures are 1.94%, 1.82%, and 2.69%, respectively. The potential application of the model in simultaneously describing the phase equilibrium and surface tensions was partially verified. The results demonstrate that this model has an overall robustness and reliability in calculations of surface tensions for various liquid mixtures. K E Y W O R D S Butler equation, equation of state, liquid mixture, surface tension, SWCF-VR 1 | INTRODUCTION The surface tensions of liquid mixtures greatly influence many industrial processes such as absorption, adsorption, distillation, liquid-liquid split, evaporation, filtration, and so on, where the desirable surface tensions are needed for efficient heat, mass, and momentum transfer across phase interface. Therefore, the accurate determination and adjustment of surface tensions are essential to the development of the above chemical processes. As such, a robust model for surface tensions plays a central role in the task for saving time, labor, and cost.So far, many efforts have been contributed to develop the surface tension models for pure compounds or mixtures based on empirical and/or theoretical methods.

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Modeling Material Properties of Lead-Free Solder Alloys

Cited by 31 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Deformation on Phase Transformation and Precipitation of Steels for Oil Country Tubular Goods

Influence of Deformation on Phase Transformation and Precipitation of Steels for Oil Country Tubular Goods

From cells to laminate: probing and modeling residual stress evolution in thin silicon photovoltaic modules using synchrotron X‐ray micro‐diffraction experiments and finite element simulations

Calculation of surface tensions for liquid mixtures using the SWCF‐VR EOS and Butler‐type method

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