“…Alternatively, multiple streams of TCP packets can be modeled as job arrival processes using variations of the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP), which is a special case of MAP. Discretized MMPPs (or hidden Markov models) replicate the burstiness of TCP packet traces, which can be clustered in groups, and, hence, allow model parameters to converge on multiple traces simultaneously at reduced computational complexity [10]. Further, arrival parameters of queueing models can be updated incrementally via online EM learning algorithms [2,6,14], which are suitable for live systems.…”