Modeling muscle activity to study the effects of footwear on the impact forces and vibrations of the human body during running

Zadpoor, Amir A.; Nikooyan, Ali Asadi

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.028

Cited by 67 publications

(70 citation statements)

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“…The multi-mass models, in contrast, were formulated to evaluate the potential influence of numerous factors on the waveform rising edge. Many of the features incorporated into the multi-mass models provide reasonable theoretical representations of the numerous, potentially influential musculoskeletal complexities present (Liu and Nigg, 2000;Ly et al, 2010;Nigg and Liu, 1999;Nikooyan and Zadpoor, 2011;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). These include mass components that vary in stiffness, that are both rigid and wobbling in nature, and that are connected with both serial and parallel elements (Fig.…”

Section: Integrating Two-mass Model and Multi-mass Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most current versions include 14 or more input variables derived via forward dynamics simulations (Chi and Schmitt, 2005;Liu and Nigg, 2000;Ly et al, 2010;Nigg and Liu, 1999;Nikooyan and Zadpoor, 2011;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). Per their intended purpose, these models are able to provide close, post facto fits to the rising edge of the force-time waveforms that result from rear-foot strike mechanics at jogging speeds under a variety of surface, footwear and other conditions (Ly et al, 2010;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). However, these models do not attempt to predict the falling edge of the waveform, they do not explain the differently shaped waveforms that typically result from fore-foot strike mechanics, and their ability to fit waveforms from intermediate and fast running speeds is completely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Clark

Ryan

Weyand

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The relationship between gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces is widely regarded as complex. This viewpoint has evolved primarily via efforts to explain the rising edge of vertical forcetime waveforms observed during slow human running. Existing theoretical models do provide good rising-edge fits, but require more than a dozen input variables to sum the force contributions of four or more vague components of the body's total mass (m b ). Here, we hypothesized that the force contributions of two discrete body mass components are sufficient to account for vertical ground reaction forcetime waveform patterns in full (stance foot and shank, m 1 =0.08m b ; remaining mass, m 2 =0.92m b ). We tested this hypothesis directly by acquiring simultaneous limb motion and ground reaction force data across a broad range of running speeds (3.0-11.1 m s −1) from 42 subjects who differed in body mass (range: 43-105 kg) and foot-strike mechanics. Predicted waveforms were generated from our two-mass model using body mass and three stride-specific measures: contact time, aerial time and lower limb vertical acceleration during impact. Measured waveforms (N=500) differed in shape and varied by more than twofold in amplitude and duration. Nonetheless, the overall agreement between the 500 measured waveforms and those generated independently by the model approached unity (R 2 =0.95 ±0.04, mean±s.d.), with minimal variation across the slow, medium and fast running speeds tested (ΔR 2 ≤0.04), and between rear-foot (R 2 =0.94±0.04, N=177) versus fore-foot (R 2 =0.95±0.04, N=323) strike mechanics. We conclude that the motion of two anatomically discrete components of the body's mass is sufficient to explain the vertical ground reaction force-time waveform patterns observed during human running.

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Section: Integrating Two-mass Model and Multi-mass Model Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Clark

Ryan

Weyand

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…At present, several factors are known to introduce the shape variation that occurs predominantly in the initial portion of these force-time waveforms. These include: running speed (Bobbert et al, 1991;Kuitunen et al, 2002;Munro et al, 1987;Weyand et al, 2009;Weyand et al, 2010), the portion of the foot that initially contacts the running surface (Cavanagh, 1987;Chi and Schmitt, 2005;Dickinson et al, 1985;Ker et al, 1989;Lieberman et al, 2010;Nigg et al, 1987) and footwear (Liu and Nigg, 2000;Ly et al, 2010;Nigg et al, 1987;Nigg and Liu, 1999;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). Current understanding rests heavily on the two types of models most frequently used to interpret these waveforms: the spring-mass model and multi-mass models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These models have evolved in their complexity, largely by building upon Alexander's two-mass, stacked-spring model (Alexander, 1988;Alexander, 1990;Derrick et al, 2000;Ker et al, 1989). Contemporary versions include at least four masses and more than a dozen spring, mass and damping elements (Liu and Nigg, 2000;Ly et al, 2010;Nigg and Liu, 1999;Nikooyan and Zadpoor, 2011;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). In contrast to the single-mass models, a primary objective of the multi-mass models has been to provide detailed explanations of waveform variability, specifically the impact and rising-edge variability observed for human joggers (Nigg, 2010;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contemporary versions include at least four masses and more than a dozen spring, mass and damping elements (Liu and Nigg, 2000;Ly et al, 2010;Nigg and Liu, 1999;Nikooyan and Zadpoor, 2011;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). In contrast to the single-mass models, a primary objective of the multi-mass models has been to provide detailed explanations of waveform variability, specifically the impact and rising-edge variability observed for human joggers (Nigg, 2010;Zadpoor and Nikooyan, 2010). However, the relatively specific objective of the multi-mass models has limited the breadth of their application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Foot speed, foot-strike and footwear:linking gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Clark

Ryan

Weyand

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Running performance, energy requirements and musculoskeletal stresses are directly related to the action-reaction forces between the limb and the ground. For human runners, the force-time patterns from individual footfalls can vary considerably across speed, footstrike and footwear conditions. Here, we used four human footfalls with distinctly different vertical force-time waveform patterns to evaluate whether a basic mechanical model might explain all of them. Our model partitions the body's total mass (1.0M b ) into two invariant mass fractions (lower limb=0.08, remaining body mass=0.92) and allows the instantaneous collisional velocities of the former to vary. The best fits achieved (R 2 range=0.95-0.98, mean=0.97±0.01) indicate that the model is capable of accounting for nearly all of the variability observed in the four waveform types tested: barefoot jog, rear-foot strike run, fore-foot strike run and fore-foot strike sprint. We conclude that different running ground reaction force-time patterns may have the same mechanical basis.

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Analytical relationships for prediction of the mechanical properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials

Zadpoor

Hedayati

2016

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

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122

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Recent developments in additive manufacturing techniques have motivated an increasing number of researchers to study regular porous biomaterials that are based on repeating unit cells. The physical and mechanical properties of such porous biomaterials have therefore received increasing attention during recent years. One of the areas that have revived is analytical study of the mechanical behavior of regular porous biomaterials with the aim of deriving analytical relationships that could predict the relative density and mechanical properties of porous biomaterials, given the design and dimensions of their repeating unit cells. In this article, we review the analytical relationships that have been presented in the literature for predicting the relative density, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield stress, and buckling limit of regular porous structures based on various types of unit cells. The reviewed analytical relationships are used to compare the mechanical properties of porous biomaterials based on different types of unit cells. The major areas where the analytical relationships have improved during the recent years are discussed and suggestions are made for future research directions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 3164–3174, 2016.

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Modeling muscle activity to study the effects of footwear on the impact forces and vibrations of the human body during running

Cited by 67 publications

References 40 publications

A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

A general relationship links gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Foot speed, foot-strike and footwear:linking gait mechanics and running ground reaction forces

Analytical relationships for prediction of the mechanical properties of additively manufactured porous biomaterials

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