Modeling non-pharmaceutical interventions in the COVID-19 pandemic with survey-based simulations

Abstract

Governments around the globe use non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to curb the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Making decisions under uncertainty, they all face the same temporal paradox: estimating the impact of NPIs before they have been implemented. Due to the limited variance of empirical cases, researchers could so far not disentangle effects of individual NPIs or their impact on different demographic groups. In this paper, we utilize large-scale agent-based simulations in combination with Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) models to investigate the spread of COVID-19 for some of the most affected federal states in Germany. In contrast to other studies, we sample agents from a representative survey. Including more realistic demographic attributes that influence agents’ behavior yields accurate predictions of COVID-19 transmissions and allows us to investigate counterfactual what-if scenarios. Results show that quarantining infected people and exploiting industry-specific home office capacities are the most effective NPIs. Disentangling education-related NPIs reveals that each considered institution (kindergarten, school, university) has rather small effects on its own, yet, that combined openings would result in large increases in COVID-19 cases. Representative survey-characteristics of agents also allow us to estimate NPIs’ effects on different age groups. For instance, re-opening schools would cause comparatively few infections among the risk-group of people older than 60 years.

Impact of vaccine measures on the transmission dynamics of COVID-19

“…(4) Vaccinated individuals are those who have completed complete vaccination according to the current vaccine strategy. (5) There is no difference in the rate of immune decline for all individuals.…”

“…adopted by the Chinese government at the beginning of the phase outbreak, a cyclical epidemic character may still develop in mainland China due to the complexity of the virus’s mode of transmission [ 3 , 4 ]. The number of fatalities and the risk of infection can be significantly decreased by non-pharmaceutical measures such as isolation and blocking [ 5 , 6 ]. However, they frequently result in significant socioeconomic losses.…”