“…As an effective mitigation strategy for the reduction of CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere, CO 2 geosequestration has received more and more attention (Bachu & Bennion, 2008; Beerling et al, 2020; Huisingh et al, 2015; Isah et al, 2022; Lehmann & Possinger, 2020; Xie et al, 2022). CO 2 injected into the deep ground layer generally migrates in two stages: the first stage is the CO 2 transport within the storage reservoir; the second stage is the CO 2 accumulation beneath caprock (Cai et al, 2021; Heath et al, 2012; Hou et al, 2012; Shang et al, 2022). More and more studies have shown that CO 2 possibly migrates to shallow aquifers and pollutes freshwater resources (Carroll et al, 2014; Keating et al, 2013; Ruggieri & Gherardi, 2020; Smith et al, 2013; Takaya et al, 2017; Wang & Wang, 2018).…”