“…Later, Sze and Sheng [8] included other characteristic features to the VCFEM by incorporating the electromechanical Hellinger-Reissner principle. Since then, the VCFEM has been revisited, extended, and implemented in different applications such as in analysis of heterogeneous materials [5,9,10], determination of the effective elastic properties/crack analysis of functionally graded materials [11,12], analysis of microstructural Representative Volume Element (RVE) [13], simulation of the crack and analysis/failure analysis of composite materials [7,[14][15][16][17][18][19], and multiscale simulations for microstructural modelling [9]. The method is also extended to 3D [14,20,21].…”