ABSTRACT. While methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ET o or ET r ) and subsequent crop ET (ET c ) via crop coefficient (K c ) and dual crop coefficient (K cb, DSSAT, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Maize, Reference crop ET, Standardization, Transpiration. vapotranspiration (ET), the combined result of soil surface evaporation and plant transpiration, is an important component of agricultural water management and landscape hydrology, particularly in the field of irrigation management. Adequate quantification of ET is imperative as demand for freshwater resources increases. Several U.S. states such as Colorado use quantification of ET as a "consumptive use" in water rights transfer legal cases. Many past studies have shown a direct physiological relationship between crop yield and ET (Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979;Hunsaker et al., 2015;Trout and DeJonge, 2017) and particularly yield and transpiration (Paredes et al., 2014;Steduto et al., 2012). Furthermore, accurate estimation of ET partitioning into evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) is paramount in irrigated and water-limited systems (Jensen and Allen, 2016;Kool et al., 2014;Pereira et al., 2015;Phogat et al., 2016). Ideally, these subcomponents of ET (i.e., E and T) should be evaluated independently rather than as a residual of each other (Kool et al., 2014). The Appendix reviews recent institutionally supported efforts to standardize procedures for ET quantification on several scales, which should be well known material for ET experts but is made available for readers who are unfamiliar with the subject. Full details of the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient methodology are available in FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 Mention of company or trade names is for description only and does not imply endorsement by the USDA. The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.The standards were developed to establish benchmark ET equations, which represent the current state of the art in estimating ET.Over many decades, researchers have also developed complex cropping system models, which aim to comprehensively simulate the hydraulic processes, nutrient transformation and transport processes, and crop growth and development processes that occur in a cropping system. Such models have wide applicability for crop management, yield gap analysis, crop improvement, yield forecasting, synthesis of agronomic research, and assessment of policy (Boote et al., 1996). Because ET is often a large component of the water balance, simulation of the ET process is central to the calculations of these models, and accurate calculations of crop growth and yield depend on accurate ET calculations. However, the ET methods implemented among different models are often variable, and many do not incorporate the published ET standards as a simulation option. Generally, programming updates to the ET algorithms in the models have not kept pace with the development of new ET standards. Furthermore, preliminary results from a recent crop model intercomparison study demo...