Modeling of gain in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

Saleh, A.A.M.; Jopson, R.M.; Evankow, J. D.; Aspell, J.

doi:10.1109/68.60769

Cited by 259 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The new model accounts for the dipole mechanism of the light absorption and emission in erbium and carbon nanotube (CNT), slow relaxation dynamics of erbium ions and absorption of erbium at the lasing wavelength. 27,[31][32][33] It also includes a low-pass filter effect caused by the photodetector with a bandwidth of 1 MHz.…”

Section: Vector Model Of An Edf Laser Model Locked With Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiral attractor created by vector solitons

et al. 2014

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Mode-locked lasers emitting a train of femtosecond pulses called dissipative solitons are an enabling technology for metrology, high-resolution spectroscopy, fibre optic communications, nano-optics and many other fields of science and applications. Recently, the vector nature of dissipative solitons has been exploited to demonstrate mode locked lasing with both locked and rapidly evolving states of polarisation. Here, for an erbium-doped fibre laser mode locked with carbon nanotubes, we demonstrate the first experimental and theoretical evidence of a new class of slowly evolving vector solitons characterized by a double-scroll chaotic polarisation attractor substantially different from Lorenz, Rö ssler and Ikeda strange attractors. The underlying physics comprises a long time scale coherent coupling of two polarisation modes. The observed phenomena, apart from the fundamental interest, provide a base for advances in secure communications, trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, control of magnetisation in data storage devices and many other areas. Light: Science & Applications (2014) 3, e131; doi:10.1038/lsa.2014.12; published online 17 January 2014Keywords: chaos; mode-locked laser; polarisation phenomena; vector soliton INTRODUCTION Vector solitons (VSs) in mode-locked lasers comprise a train of stabilized short pulses (dissipative solitons 1-13 ) with the specific shape defined by a complex interplay and balance between the effects of gain/ loss, dispersion and nonlinearity. The state of polarisation (SOP) of the solitons either rotates with a period of a few round trips or is locked. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The stability of VSs at the different time scales from femtosecond to microseconds is an important issue to be addressed for increased resolution in metrology, 14 spectroscopy 15 and suppressed phase noise in high speed fibre optic communication. 16 In addition, there is considerable interest in achieving high flexibility in the generation and control of dynamic SOPs in the context of trapping and manipulation of atoms and nanoparticles, 17-19 control of magnetisation 20 and secure communications. 21 The stability and evolution of VSs at a time interval from a few to thousands of cavity round trips is defined by asymptotic states (attractors) which the laser SOP approaches at a long time scale, viz. fixed point, periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic dynamics. Soto-Crespo and Akhmediev 1,2 predicted theoretically based on the Ginzburg-Landau scalar model that dissipative solitons can generate strange attractors at the time scale of thousands of cavity round trips. Quantitative characterisation of strange attractors is usually based on the determination of geometric properties such as the fractal dimensionality, entropy and Lyapunov exponents. [22][23][24][25][26] For experimental data obtained in the form of a one-dimensional waveform (output power vs. time), such analysis requires the accumulation of a large amount of low noise data that is very difficult to achieve in systems where...

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Section: Vector Model Of An Edf Laser Model Locked With Carbon Nanotubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spiral attractor created by vector solitons

et al. 2014

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“…An arbitrary beam with wavelength λ k and input power P k in traveling through the amplifier has the following output power [17]: , ΣP sin = total signal input power, ΣP sout = total signal output power, P pin = pump input power and P pout = pump output power Define,P pin -P pout = ∆P p and ΣP sin -ΣP sout = ∆P s If one signal among the existing signals gets stronger, gain changes from g k to g k ′ and∆P s changes to ∆P s ′.…”

Section: Attack Monitoring Security Index Calculation and On-the-fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real Time Securing of All-Optical Networks Against Security Attacks at the Physical Level

Rahman¹,

Arozullah²

2013

IJNSA

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“…S is the active erbium area of EDF, σ a and σ e are the absorption and stimulated emission cross section at the wavelength channels, Г is the confinement factor which is the overlap integral between the Er 3+ ions and the mode field of light, respectively. In this formula, signal and pump light can be treated identically [6].…”

Section: Formula Of Gain Excursionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Transient Response of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier for OPS/WDM and Its Mitigation

Awaji

Furukawa

Wada

et al. 2007

Optical Network Design and Modeling

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Abstract. We investigated impairments of optical packets when these packets amplified by cascaded EDFAs in several distinctive cases in WDM environment. The origin of impairments were mainly gain excursion and additional noise come from inter-channel cross talk between WDM channels, and the degree of impairment changed according to link utilization. Moreover, the impairment is cumulative by increase of the number of EDFAs cascaded. It means that the tolerance for error of optical packet receiver substantially reduces according to the traffic intensity and the number of hops each packet experiences. We proposed the mitigation by adopting special class of EDF which have larger active erbium core. Our methodology can supplement conventional electrical controlling measures against transient responses which have insufficient response speed in the application for short optical packet of sub-micro seconds long.

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Modeling of gain in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers

Cited by 259 publications

References 7 publications

Spiral attractor created by vector solitons

Spiral attractor created by vector solitons

Real Time Securing of All-Optical Networks Against Security Attacks at the Physical Level

Impact of Transient Response of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier for OPS/WDM and Its Mitigation

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