Modeling of Gas-Steel-Slag Three-Phase Flow in Ladle Metallurgy: Part II. Multi-scale Mathematical Model

Li, Linmin; Li, Baokuan; Liu, Zhongqiu

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2017-069

Cited by 50 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, improvements of the model are possible if a more accurate simulation of the complex behavior of inclusion population is desired. Of course, among those improvements, consideration of the actual kinetics of the inclusion modification process, account of inclusion removal by settling or flotation into the slag [24], and a more realistic description of the top slag layer most likely represent the greatest issues [25]. To do this special interface tracking methods and mesh refining would for sure be needed but leading to an increase of the calculation cost.…”

Section: Inclusion Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle

Castro-Cedeño

Jardy

Boissière

et al. 2019

Metall. Res. Technol.

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Nowadays, depending on the steel grade, Ca treatment with the aim of modifying the morphology and melting temperature of non-metallic inclusions is performed in the secondary steelmaking process. The addition of calcium to steel melts rises a technological challenge because at steelmaking temperatures Ca has the tendency to vaporize from the ladle. Efforts are actively pursued in developing solutions that increase Ca yield and improve repeatability of results from treatment to treatment. This work presents a two-phase Euler-Euler flow model of a steel ladle with gas stirring through bottom porous plugs. The model considers that before gas exits through the ladle top, some Ca is transferred from the gas to the liquid steel. The yield is thus defined as the ratio between the Ca transferred to the steel and the total calcium injected into the ladle. The fluid-dynamic calculations are coupled with ArcelorMittal thermodynamic software CEQCSI to get the evolution of the local concentration of dissolved species and non-metallic inclusions assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. Industrial trials have been performed at one of ArcelorMittal’s facilities with the aim of obtaining data to validate the model. Samples of steel were taken before, during, and after the Ca injection treatment. The total Ca content and the inclusion populations in the steel samples can be compared against the results given by the model, as well as the measured and calculated Ca yield.

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Section: Inclusion Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle

Castro-Cedeño

Jardy

Boissière

et al. 2019

Metall. Res. Technol.

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“…Lou et al [16] performed numerical simulations to study the effect of different numbers and positions of tuyeres on the inclusion behavior and mixing phenomena in gas-stirred ladles. Liu et al [18] and Li et al [19] studied the effect of gas flow rate and slag layer thickness on open-eye formation and mixing time in a water model ladle through physical and numerical modeling. Liu et al [20] performed simulations using an Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach to study the effect of gas flow rate on open-eye formation and slag entrapment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling of Open-Eye Formation and Mixing Time in Argon Stirred Industrial Ladle

Ramasetti

Visuri

Sulasalmi

et al. 2019

Metals

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In secondary metallurgy, argon gas stirring and alloying of elements are very important in determining the quality of steel. Argon gas is injected through the nozzle located at the bottom of the ladle into the molten steel bath; this gas breaks up into gas bubbles, rising upwards and breaking the slag layer at high gas flow rates, creating an open-eye. Alloy elements are added to the molten steel through the open-eye to attain the desired steel composition. In this work, experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of argon gas flow rate on the open-eye size and mixing time. An Eulerian volume of fluid (VOF) approach was employed to simulate the argon/steel/slag interface in the ladle, while a species transport model was used to calculate the mixing time of the nickel alloy. The simulation results showed that the time-averaged value of the open-eye area changed from 0.66 to 2.36 m 2 when the flow rate of argon was varied from 100 to 500 NL/min. The mixing time (95% criterion) of tracer addition into the metal bath decreased from 139 s to 96 s, when the argon flow rate was increased from 100 to 500 NL/min. The model validation was verified by comparing with measured experimental results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of exposed slag eyes in the gas‐stirred metallurgical vessels such as ladle or tundish is a common phenomenon. Extensive studies of the formation of exposed slag eyes in the ladle have been performed by physical and numerical modeling . For physical modeling, the water model experiments have been widely used to study the sizes of slag eyes, various dimensionless expressions for exposed slag eye areas have been proposed by Yonezawa and Schwerdtfeger, Subagyo et al, Iguchi et al, Mazumdar and Evans, Krishnapisharody and Irons, Liu et al, and so on.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cloete et al and Liu et al developed a mathematical model by employing the discrete phase model (DPM) to describe the bubble transport and the VOF model to track the fluctuation of steel/slag interface without considering the bubble coalescence and breakup. Further Li et al developed a similar mathematical model by employing the DPM‐VOF coupled method to investigate the slag layer and eye formation considering the bubble coalescence and breakup. Recently, the exposed slag eye formation in an inert gas‐shrouded tundish has been studied by Chattopadhyay et al, a large number of experiments were done in a full scale and in a down‐scaled water model under various operating conditions, and a mathematical model based on the DPM‐VOF coupled method was developed to predict the investigated multiphase phenomenon.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and Numerical Modeling of Exposed Slag Eye in Continuous Casting Mold using Euler–Euler Approach

Liu

Vakhrushev

et al. 2018

steel research int.

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Gas injection through the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) into the continuous casting mold can be an effective approach for preventing SEN clogging and promoting the floatation of the non‐metallic inclusions. However, sometimes the exposed slag eyes due to gas injection appear on the top surface of the liquid slag layer, resulting in heat losses, re‐oxidation, and nitrogen pickup in the molten steel. An Eulerian multiphase‐flow model is developed to predict the argon‐steel‐slag three‐phase flow in a slab continuous casting mold. All the phases are treated based on Eulerian approach. The mathematical model is compared with the industrial observations and the water model experiments. Both of physical and numerical results reproduce the phenomenon of the high gas concentration at the SEN exit port. Most of the argon bubbles stay below the slag layer for quite long time because the slag blocks their floatation. Furthermore, the argon bubbles would gradually gather in a dense plume while escaping through the slag layer. Scattered argon exit spots are found at the top surface of slag layer. Two main locations of the exposed slag eye are found: 1) adjacent to the SEN; 2) at the mold's mid‐section at the position where a concentrated argon plume breaches through the slag layer. The near‐SEN exposed eye occurs under any of considered conditions. The one at the mid‐section is formed when the meniscus convex reaches a critical level, been dependent on the casting conditions.

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Modeling of Gas-Steel-Slag Three-Phase Flow in Ladle Metallurgy: Part II. Multi-scale Mathematical Model

Cited by 50 publications

References 27 publications

Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle

Numerical simulation of modification of non-metallic inclusions by calcium treatment in the argon-stirred ladle

Numerical Modeling of Open-Eye Formation and Mixing Time in Argon Stirred Industrial Ladle

Physical and Numerical Modeling of Exposed Slag Eye in Continuous Casting Mold using Euler–Euler Approach

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