Modeling of High-Power Tonpilz Terfenol-D Transducer Using Complex Material Parameters

Yao, Wei; Yang, Xin; Zhang, Zhihe; Zheng, Haobin

doi:10.3390/s22103781

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Sound pressure level (SPL) is given by (3) where P rms is the root mean square of the measured sound pressure and P ref is a standard reference sound pressure of 20 mPa in air or 1 mPa in water. 36 From eq 3, the generated sound pressure from the SSD with a 75 μm EL layer is approximately 1.8 times higher than from a 130 μm EL layer. Furthermore, the generated sound from SSD is well maintained regardless of its detection distance (1.5−30 cm) and angle (0−330°) between a microphone and the SSD (Figure 4c and d).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As shown by eq , as the thickness of the EL layer decreases, the degree of actuation increases, resulting in a louder sound. Sound pressure level (SPL) is given by SPL = 20 0.25em log ( P rms / P ref ) normald B where P rms is the root mean square of the measured sound pressure and P ref is a standard reference sound pressure of 20 mPa in air or 1 mPa in water . From eq , the generated sound pressure from the SSD with a 75 μm EL layer is approximately 1.8 times higher than from a 130 μm EL layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Voltage Stretchable Electroluminescent Loudspeakers with Synchronous Sound and Light Generation

Lee

Kang

Cho

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Stretchable sound-in-displays, which can generate synchronous sound and light directly from the display without a separate speaker, allow immersive audio and visual perception even on curved surfaces. In stretchable sound-in-displays, alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices have been used as light-emitting sources owing to their high brightness and stability. However, stretchable ACEL devices that use low dielectric constant (κ) materials require a high operating voltage for generating light and sound. Herein, we demonstrate a stretchable ACEL loudspeaker with a low operating voltage using stretchable high-κ dielectrics and strain-insensitive electrodes. Our device exhibits 87.7 cd/m2 of luminance and 79.70 dB of sound pressure level at an operating voltage of 120 V and 10 kHz. As the next platform of wearable devices, the suggested ACEL loudspeaker exhibits high-quality synchronous light and sound generation performance even under various types of mechanical deformation, such as finger flexion and wrist bending.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Voltage Stretchable Electroluminescent Loudspeakers with Synchronous Sound and Light Generation

Lee

Kang

Cho

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Recently, a high-power low-frequency tonpilz transducer was constructed using Terfenol-D [ 113 ]. In general, tonpilz transducers are realized when Terfenol-D is applied as the active material.…”

Section: Tonpilz Transducermentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers for Underwater Applications

Pyun

Kim

Park

2023

Sensors

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Interest in underwater transducers has persisted since the mid-1900s. Underwater transducers are designed in various shapes using various materials depending on the purpose of use, such as to achieve high power, improve broadband, and enhance beam steering. Therefore, in this study, an analysis is conducted according to the structural shape of the transducer, exterior material, and active material. By classifying transducers by structure, the transducer design trends and possible design issues can be identified. Researchers have constantly attempted new methods to improve the performance of transducers. In addition, a methodology to overcome this problem is presented. Finally, this review covers old and new research, and will serve as a reference for designers of underwater transducer.

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“…Diverse types of transducers, such as projectors and hydrophones, exist that are used in passive or active SONAR. Figure 5 shows the tonpilz-type transducer that was used as the projector for this paper, such as the designs and models that appear in [6][7][8][9][10], which are found in active SONAR systems since they generally work in a frequency range below 20 kHz. J. Mar.…”

Section: Transducermentioning

confidence: 99%

Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System

Villalobos

López

Vázquez

et al. 2023

JMSE

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The active sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) transmission system emits acoustic pulses underwater using a wave generator, a SONAR power amplifier (SPA), and a projector. The acoustic pulse travel in the direction of the target and return as an echo to a hydrophone to learn the range or speed of the object. Often the same device is used as a hydrophone and a projector; in this context, it is known as a transducer. In order to obtain a maximum range of detection in the SONAR, it is desirable to generate the maximum amount of acoustic power until the point in which the echo can be detectable in an atmosphere with non-wished noise. Therefore, a high value of source level (SL) is required that depends largely on the value of electrical power applied to the transducer (Pe). However, when trying to obtain the maximum range of detection in the SONAR system there are the following three peculiar limitations that affect performance: The cavitation, the reverberation, and the effect of interaction in the near field. In this paper, an experimental measurement methodology is presented to detect the cavitation effects in a tonpilz-type transducer for an active SONAR transmission system using a transducer as a projector and a calibrated hydrophone in a hydroacoustic tank by measuring the parameters of total harmonic distortion of the fundamental waveform (THD-F) of the generated acoustic pulse, transmitting voltage response (TVR) to characterize the system and sound pressure level (SPL) that indicates the intensity of sound at a given distance. Whereas the reverberation and the interaction effect in the near field are objects of other study cases. A 570.21 W and THD-F < 5% switched-mode power amplifier (SMPA) prototype was developed to excite the electroacoustic transducer employing a full-bridge inverter (FBI) topology and a digital controller using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for unipolar sine pulse width modulation (SPWM) to generate a continuous wave (CW) acoustic pulse at a frequency 11.6 kHz. The results obtained show that from the level of Pe=196.05 W with the transducer at 1 m of depth, the value of THD-F increases significantly while the behavior of the TVR and SPL parameters is affected since it is not as expected and is attributed when cavitation occurs.

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Modeling of High-Power Tonpilz Terfenol-D Transducer Using Complex Material Parameters

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Low-Voltage Stretchable Electroluminescent Loudspeakers with Synchronous Sound and Light Generation

Low-Voltage Stretchable Electroluminescent Loudspeakers with Synchronous Sound and Light Generation

Design of Piezoelectric Acoustic Transducers for Underwater Applications

Cavitation Detection in a Tonpilz-Type Transducer for Active SONAR Transmission System

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