Characterization of the thermal properties of the surface and sub-surface structures of the skin can reveal the degree of hydration, the rate of blood flow in near-surface micro and macrovasculature, and other important physiological information of relevance to dermatological and overall health status. Here, we introduce a soft, stretchable thermal sensor, based on the so-called three omega (i.e. 3ω) method, for accurate characterization of the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of materials systems, such as the skin, that can be This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. 5 challenging to measure using established techniques. Experiments on skin at different body locations and under different physical states demonstrate the possibilities. Systematic studies establish the underlying principles of operation in these unusual systems, thereby allowing rational design and use of these types of devices, through combined investigations based on analytical modeling, experimental measurements and finite element analysis. The findings create broad opportunities for the use of 3ω methods in biology, with utility ranging from the integration with surgical tools or implantable devices to non-invasive uses in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.