Modeling of Passive Intermodulation in Connectors With Coating Material and Iron Content in Base Brass

Jin, Qiuyan; Gao, Jinchun; Flowers, George T.; Wu, Yongle; Xie, Gang; Bi, Lingyu

doi:10.1109/tmtt.2019.2893193

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Other possible applications of SFGs or findings therefrom might include precision vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration considering weak nonlinearity of passive test fixtures [30], [31], electronic calibration kits [32], or VNA receivers [33] and enhancement of electronic design automation (EDA) tools.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Weakly Nonlinear Microwave Circuits around a Large-Signal Operating Point

Amakawa¹,

Sugimoto²,

Tokgoz³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Signal flow graph (SFG) representation of small- signal responses of nonlinear microwave circuits around a large-signal operating point is developed using the X-parameters. It is shown that, unlike the SFGs for linear circuits, negative-frequency nodes need to be included explicitly. The development elucidates the circuit-operational meaning of the elusive T-type small-signal X-parameters, which represent interaction between positive- and negative-frequency components. As an application example, such an SFG is used to derive a closed-form expression of the output power of a power amplifier as a function of the load reflection coefficient. It is then used to plot approximate load-pull power contours. The result is consistent with and more general than the expression of the optimum load reflection coefficient derived analytically by Root et al. (EuMIC 2017). SFGs provide a systematic means to derive closed-form expressions in terms of X-parameters and to gain illuminating insights into the workings of weakly nonlinear circuits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Weakly Nonlinear Microwave Circuits around a Large-Signal Operating Point

Amakawa¹,

Sugimoto²,

Tokgoz³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The purpose of this structural optimization design is to reduce stress at the current concentration. At the same time, the main components are distributed in the maximum deformation area far away from the resonance frequency point to avoid large relative deformation between the components on the transmission path during the vibrator process [ 4 , 27 , 28 ]. This relative deformation results in damage to the connections on the electrical transmission path, creating a PIM risk [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mechanical Modelling and Simulation Method for Resolving PIM Problems in Antennas

Chen

2021

Sensors

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Passive intermodulation (PIM) generated from antennas is a nonlinear distortion phenomenon and causes serious problems to communication quality. Traditional radio frequency (RF) solutions focus on testing the final product to find the PIM source. However, it cannot solve the stability of PIM after the antenna is vibrated. This paper introduces a new method to improve the stability of PIM in the design phase. By studying the mechanism of PIM generation, a simulation method is proposed in this paper by applying mechanical finite element simulation and simulating the structural design of the device under test. Then, the stress at the PIM source is reduced, thereby the PIM stability of the product is improved. This paper adopts this method by studying a typical product, finding the root cause that affects the product PIM magnitude and stability, and optimizing its design. The PIM value of the new scheme is stable by making a prototype and testing. The method provided in this article can effectively improve product development efficiency and assist designers in avoiding the risks of PIM before the product’s manufacturing.

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“…The PIM source is generated by non-linear factors in radio frequency (RF) systems. It mainly includes contact non-linearity [4,5] and material non-linearity [6,7]. When signals of multiple frequencies are mixed into non-linear passive components, corresponding PIM signals are generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Measuring the Maximum Measurable Gain of a Passive Intermodulation Chamber

Cai

Zhou

Liu³

et al. 2021

Electronics

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This paper presents an approximate method that allows the calculation of the maximum measurable gain (MMG) in an anechoic chamber. This method is realized by using a low passive intermodulation (PIM) medium-gain directional antenna. By reducing the distance between the antenna and the wall of the chamber to reduce path loss, the purpose of replacing a high-gain antenna with a medium-gain antenna is achieved. The specific relationship between distance and equivalent gain is given in this paper. The measurement interval is determined by the 3 dB beamwidth of the measurement antenna to scan the whole chamber. A set of corresponding data for the residual PIM level and the MMG of the chamber can be obtained by the method of measurement outlined herein. The feasibility of this method was verified by measurements in two PIM measurement chambers.

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Modeling of Passive Intermodulation in Connectors With Coating Material and Iron Content in Base Brass

Cited by 24 publications

References 16 publications

Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Weakly Nonlinear Microwave Circuits around a Large-Signal Operating Point

Signal-Flow-Graph Analysis of Weakly Nonlinear Microwave Circuits around a Large-Signal Operating Point

A Mechanical Modelling and Simulation Method for Resolving PIM Problems in Antennas

A Method for Measuring the Maximum Measurable Gain of a Passive Intermodulation Chamber

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