Modeling of Segmental Pile with Variable Flexural Rigidity on Winkler Foundation Subjected to Monotonic Loading

Abstract

Background/Aim: There is a global increase in life-style related risk factors for CVD. However, few studies have examined the prevalence of these factors in the general population at different social settings/gathering such as night clubs, drinking points/bars and discotheques where different lifestyle habits are freely displayed. Identifying such factors can lead to innovative strategies for improving cardiovascular health. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lifestyle, clinical and biochemical risk factors for CVD among night clubbers in Southern Nigeria.Methods: Anthropometrics, questionnaires, clinical and blood samples were collected from 255 participants who were classified as night clubbers (n=130) and non-night clubbers (n=125) and analyzed for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), socio-demographics, life style related behaviors, blood pressure indices, lipid profile and markers of insulin resistance using standard methods. Results: Compared to non-clubbers, night clubbers had significant higher prevalence of CVD risk factors including habitual alcohol consumption (P<0.001), physical inactivity (P=0.026), poor dietary habits (P<0.001), short sleep duration (P<0.001), abnormal lipid sub fractions (high serum TG, T-chol and LDL levels) (P<0.001), raised blood pressure indices (SBP, DBP, MAP) (P<0.0001), raised serum uric acid level (P<0.0001) and a marker of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (P=0.060). Conclusion: CVD risk factors are more prevalent among night clubbers than non-clubbers. Night club, discotheque, tavern, drinking point and bar patrons should be included among target populations in development of interventions necessary to reduce the high prevalence of CVD risk factors in the general population, because current risk factors become future diseases and public health burden. Knowledge of risk factors can be used to shift their population distribution.