Modeling of the over-exposed pixel area of CCD cameras caused by laser dazzling

Benoist, Koen W.; Schleijpen, Ric

doi:10.1117/12.2066305

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…• Overexposed pixel counting (OPC): This method was established by Benoist and Schleijpen. 12 The diameter of the dazzle spot is estimated by counting the number of overexposed pixels in a sensor image. Using the number of overexposed pixels, the diameter of a disc containing the same amount of pixels is calculated.…”

Section: Quantitative Assessment Of System Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…8,9 Laser dazzling of sensors was intensively studied, experimentally and theoretically, by various groups. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Laser dazzle protection seems to be a simple issue, but it faces the challenge that lasers are available with any wavelength in the visible spectral range. Classical laser protection measures, such as absorption or interference filters, used in laser eye protection goggles cannot provide protection for all wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preventing image information loss of imaging sensors in case of laser dazzle

2019

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We present an optical concept for imaging sensor systems, designed to considerably reduce the sensor's image information loss in cases of laser dazzle, based on the principle of complementary bands. For this purpose, the sensor system's spectral range is split in several (at least two) spectral channels, where each channel possesses its own imaging sensor. This long-known principle is applied, for example, in high-quality three-sensor color cameras. However, in such camera systems, the spectral separation between the different spectral bands is too poor to prevent complete sensor saturation when illuminated with intense laser radiation. We increased the channel separation by orders of magnitude by implementing advanced optical elements. Thus, monochromatic radiation of a dazzle laser mainly influences the dedicated transmitting spectral channel. The other (out-of-band) spectral channels are not or-depending on the laser power-only hardly affected. We present our system design as well as a performance evaluation of the sensor concerning laser dazzle.

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Section: Quantitative Assessment Of System Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing image information loss of imaging sensors in case of laser dazzle

2019

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“…Schleijpen et al [6][7][8] used an easy applicable method to quantify sensor dazzling. They estimated an equivalent diameter of the overexposed part in dazzled images as a function of laser irradiance and camera integration time.…”

Section: Overexposed Pixel Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of protection measures against laser dazzling for imaging sensors

Ritt

Eberle

2017

Opt. Eng

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Abstract. We present our work regarding the evaluation of protection measures against laser dazzling for imaging devices. Different approaches for the evaluation of dazzled sensor images are investigated to estimate the loss of information due to the dazzle spot: (1) counting the number of overexposed pixels, (2) based on triangle orientation discrimination, and (3) using the structural similarity index. The evaluation approaches are applied on experimental data obtained with two different sensors hardened against laser dazzling. The hardening concept of the first sensor is based on the combination of a spatial light modulator and wavelength multiplexing. This protection concept allows spatially and spectrally resolved suppression of laser radiation within the sensor's field-of-view. The hardening concept of the second sensor utilizes the principle of "complementary bands." The optical setup resembles a common three-chip camera, with the difference that dedicated filters with steep edges replace the regular spectral band filters. Although this concept does not really represent a "protection measure," it allows the sensor to provide information even in laser dazzling situations. The data for the performance evaluation were acquired both in a laboratory setup using test charts comprising triangles of different size and orientation as well as in field trials. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…[13][14][15] They evaluated the diameter of the overexposed part in dazzled images as a function of laser irradiance and camera integration time. This method is quite useful to assess the laser dazzling vulnerability, especially when the protection measures are homogeneously applied over the entire field of view of the sensor.…”

Section: Performance Assessment Of Laser Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection performance evaluation regarding imaging sensors hardened against laser dazzling

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Electro-optical imaging sensors are widely distributed and used for many different purposes, including civil security and military operations. However, laser irradiation can easily disturb their operational capability. Thus, an adequate protection mechanism for electro-optical sensors against dazzling and damaging is highly desirable. Different protection technologies exist now, but none of them satisfies the operational requirements without any constraints. In order to evaluate the performance of various laser protection measures, we present two different approaches based on triangle orientation discrimination on the one hand and structural similarity on the other hand. For both approaches, image analysis algorithms are applied to images taken of a standard test scene with triangular test patterns which is superimposed by dazzling laser light of various irradiance levels. The evaluation methods are applied to three different sensors: a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor camera, a high dynamic range camera with a nonlinear response curve, and a sensor hardened against laser dazzling. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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Modeling of the over-exposed pixel area of CCD cameras caused by laser dazzling

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

Preventing image information loss of imaging sensors in case of laser dazzle

Preventing image information loss of imaging sensors in case of laser dazzle

Evaluation of protection measures against laser dazzling for imaging sensors

Protection performance evaluation regarding imaging sensors hardened against laser dazzling

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