Modeling of two semi-continuous methods in liquid–liquid chromatography: Comparing conventional and closed-loop recycling modes

Closed-Loop Recycling Dual-Mode Counter-Current Chromatography with Specified Sample Loading Durations: Modeling of Preparative and Industrial-Scale Separations

“…As mentioned above, large sample volumes can be loaded by increasing the sample loading time, which can be achieved by replacing a sample injection with sample loops with the continuous loading of the sample within a specified time [29,30]. A schematic diagram of CLR DM CCC separations with specified sample loading durations is shown in Figure 1.…”

Analytical, Preparative, and Industrial-Scale Separation of Substances by Methods of Countercurrent Liquid-Liquid Chromatography

“…Furthermore, the operations are repeated. To describe the band profiles after two consecutive loads, the following equations can be recommended [144]:…”

“…Furthermore, the operations are repeated. To describe the band profiles after two consecutive loads, the following equations can be recommended [ 144 ]: where a j and N efj are the parameters defined by Equations (28) and (32), respectively; n is the number of cycles (the number of passages of the component j through the column) required to achieve the desired separation.…”

“…Several examples of simulation and design of SS CLR CCC separations are presented in “Mathcad” software in [ 144 ].…”

Recovery and recycling of solvent of counter‐current chromatography: The sample of isolation of zeaxanthin in the Lycium barbarum L. fruits

“…Compared with conventional chromatography techniques, CCC has so many advantages like high capacity, high sample recovery, low risk of sample denaturation, and especially no irreversible adsorption that it is widely used in the separation and preparation of active compounds with various polarity in the natural matrix [4–6]. In spite of the numerous benefits of CCC, there are also disadvantages such as lower peak capacity and resolution than HPLC [7–11], long separation time, and a good deal of solvent consumption when large‐scale preparation. In general, the mobile and stationary phases of CCC were from several solvents mixed together in a certain specific portion and more mobile phase were needed than stationary phase during the separation, which leads to great waste of stationary phase.…”