Modeling of Virus Survival Time in Respiratory Droplets on Surfaces: A New Rational Approach for Antivirus Strategies

Abstract

The modeling of the viability decay of viruses in sessile droplets is addressed considering a droplet sitting on a smooth surface characterized by a specific contact angle. To investigate, at prescribed temperature, how surface energy of the material and ambient humidity cooperate to determine the virus viability, we propose a model which involves the minimum number of thermodynamically relevant parameters. In particular, by considering a saline water droplet (one salt) as the simplest approximation of real solutions (medium and natural/artificial saliva), the evaporation is described by a first-order time-dependent nonlinear differential equation properly rearranged to obtain the contact angle evolution as the sole unknown function. The analyses were performed for several contact angles and two typical droplet sizes of interest in real situations by assuming constant ambient temperature and relative humidity in the range 0–100%. The results of the simulations, given in terms of time evolution of salt concentration, vapor pressure, and droplet volume, elucidate some previously not yet well-understood dynamics, demonstrating how three main regimes—directly implicated in nontrivial trends of virus viability and to date only highlighted experimentally—can be recognized as the function of relative humidity. By recalling the concept of cumulative dose of salts (CD), to account for the effect of the exposition of viruses to salt concentration on virus viability, we show how the proposed approach could suggest a chart of a virus fate by predicting its survival time at a given temperature as a function of the relative humidity and contact angle. We found a good agreement with experimental data for various enveloped viruses and predicted in particular for the Phi6 virus, a surrogate of coronavirus, the characteristic U-shaped dependence of viability on relative humidity. Given the generality of the model and once experimental data are available that link the vulnerability of a certain virus, such as SARS-CoV-2, to the concentrations of salts or other substances in terms of CD, it is felt that this approach could be employed for antivirus strategies and protocols for the prediction/reduction of human health risks associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses.

Surface acoustic wave-based generation and transfer of droplets onto wettable substrates

“…The evaporation of thin films (1–50 μl) is reported to be in minutes. 69 Since the SAW actuation and subsequent atomization effects are performed within a few seconds, the effects of evaporation on the droplet transfer can be neglected. The effect of evaporation on the size of the transferred droplets is not considered here.…”

Rapid Method to Quantify the Antiviral Potential of Porous and Nonporous Material Using the Enveloped Bacteriophage Phi6

“…However, the response to exposure to Cu exhibits orders of magnitude differences within the Coronaviridae family. , IPs are classified as enveloped or non-enveloped, a characteristic that affects hydrophobicity and also can play a role in the efficacy of surface treatment such as QAC . Many transmissible viruses arrive in the environment as respiratory droplets and factors involved with the fate of these are relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. , Studies with ϕ6 microdroplets on glass can provide guidance that can be applied to virus-containing microdroplets . However, caution must be exercised when assuming that any virus or phage can be a model organism for all IPs.…”

“…55 Many transmissible viruses arrive in the environment as respiratory droplets and factors involved with the fate of these are relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. 61,62 Studies with ϕ6 microdroplets on glass can provide guidance that can applied to virus-containing microdroplets. 32 However, caution must be exercised when that any virus or phage can be a model organism for all IPs.…”

SARS-CoV-2 surrogate (Phi6) environmental persistence within free-living amoebae

“…We tested the amoeba-host hypothesis by studying the interaction of the enveloped bacteriophage Phi6 surrogate, a dsRNA phage of the Cystoviridae family that has been a popular model for studying enveloped RNA viruses including coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (Casanova & Weaver 2015;Aquino De Carvalho et al 2017;Prussin et al 2018;Silverman & Boehm 2020;di Novo et al 2021;Ma et al 2021;Pino et al 2021;Vatter et al 2021); and its association with one of the most common amoeba in human aquatic environments Vermamoeba vermiformis ( Jadin 1973;de Moura et al 1985;Bradbury 2014;Delafont et al 2018).…”