Modeling on the kinetics of an EPDM devulcanization in an internal batch mixer using an amine as the devulcanizing agent

Sutanto, P.; Laksmana, Fesia Lestari; Picchioni, Francesco; Janssen, L.P.B.M.

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2006.05.024

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In this study, chemical compatibilization using APS and MAEVA recorded slightly higher mixing energy values compared to physical compatibilizing using LR. reclaiming agents for EPDM rubber (Dijkhuis, 2008, Dijkhuis et al, 2005, Sutanto et al, 2006. APS containing an aliphatic primary amine group might also act as an effective reclaiming agent for crosslinked tire rubbers.…”

Section: Processing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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Section: Processing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…First N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide (DPTT), hexadecylamine (HAD), mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), MBTS, and TMTD chemicals, which were used as devulcanizing agents, were mixed with the aromatic oil and then added to the waste powder in a 500 ml glass beaker. Note that HAD was reported to be a good devulcanizer for EPDM rubber 58 and hence it was used in this study. The waste powder was soaked in the oil for 24 h to allow it to penetrate into the rubber (Fig.…”

Section: Microwaves Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 In the period 1995-2005, a group at the University of Twente spent a huge amount of effort to devulcanize and reuse scrap EPDM rubber. Two papers were of significant interest to the authors.…”

Section: Chemical and Microbial Devulcanization Of Rubber Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

“…2) was first introduced in the USA in limited commercial quantities in 1962. 6 EPDM is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene with a diene monomer which introduces unsaturation sites or double bonds into the macromolecule.…”

Section: D) Costs Reduction and Modification Of The Processing Behavimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One reported modeling on the kinetics of an EPDM devulcanization in an internal batch mixer using hexadecylamine (HAD) as the devulcanizing agent. 58 The model included all the rate determining parameters that occur during the devulcanization process such as temperature, shear rate, reactant concentrations and times. HAD However at 225 and 250 o C, there was only slightly more devulcanization.…”

Section: Chemical and Microbial Devulcanization Of Rubber Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review of the Reclaiming of Rubber Waste and Recent Work on the Recycling of Ethylene–propylene–diene Rubber Waste

Movahed

Ansarifar

Estagy

2016

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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Rubbers do not decompose easily and therefore disposal of rubber waste is a serious environmental concern. Raw material costs, diminishing natural resources, and the growing awareness of environmental issues and sustainability have made rubber recycling a major area of concern. Reclaiming and recycling rubber waste is a major scientific and technological challenge facing rubber scientists today. This paper reviews a number of important areas related to the reclaiming, characterizing, testing and recycling of rubber waste. These include: chemical and microbial devulcanization with particular emphasis on main chain scission and kinetics of chemical devulcanization reactions; the cutting-edge techniques for reclaiming devulcanized rubber waste by the action of large shearing forces, heat and chemical agents: and analytical techniques and methods for characterizing composition and testing of devulcanized rubber waste, respectively. In addition, some aspects of the recycling of devulcanized ethylene-propylenediene rubber (EPDM) waste will be reported. EPDM is used extensively in automotive components world-wide and recycling the rubber at the end of its useful service life is of major importance to manufacturers of automotive components.

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The use of experimental design to study the responses of continuous devulcanization processes

Sutanto¹,

Picchioni²,

Janssen³

2006

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This paper presents the use of statistical analysis for studying the responses of two continuous devulcanization processes (of the EPDM roofing sheet and the EPDM profile) in the extruder. The response is represented by the reaction conversion, which is denoted as the relative decrease in crosslink density. Experimental design is considered as a useful tool when the kinetic data for the physical modeling are not available. The models derived show similar tendency of both processes with respect to the temperature and the screw speed. A difference is observed in their responses to the feed rate, which might be the consequence of their different devulcanization rates.

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Modeling on the kinetics of an EPDM devulcanization in an internal batch mixer using an amine as the devulcanizing agent

Cited by 54 publications

References 11 publications

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Review of the Reclaiming of Rubber Waste and Recent Work on the Recycling of Ethylene–propylene–diene Rubber Waste

The use of experimental design to study the responses of continuous devulcanization processes

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