Modeling potential risk areas of Orthohantavirus transmission in Northwestern Argentina using an ecological niche approach

Abstract

Background Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a rodent-borne zoonosis in the Americas, with up to 50% mortality rates. In Argentina, the Northwestern endemic area presents half of the annually notified HPS cases in the country, transmitted by at least three rodent species recognized as reservoirs of Orthohantavirus. The potential distribution of reservoir species based on ecological niche models (ENM) can be a useful tool to establish risk areas for zoonotic diseases. Our main aim was to generate an Orthohantavirus risk transmission map based on ENM of the reservoir species in northwest Argentina (NWA), to compare this map with the distribution of HPS cases; and to explore the possible effect of climatic and environmental variables on the spatial variation of the infection risk. Methods Using the reservoir geographic occurrence data, climatic/environmental variables, and the maximum entropy method, we created models of potential geographic distribution for each reservoir in NWA. We explored the overlap of the HPS cases with the reservoir-based risk map and a deforestation map. Then, we calculated the human population at risk using a census radius layer and a comparison of the environmental variables’ latitudinal variation with the distribution of HPS risk. Results We obtained a single best model for each reservoir. The temperature, rainfall, and vegetation cover contributed the most to the models. In total, 945 HPS cases were recorded, of which 97,85% were in the highest risk areas. We estimated that 18% of the NWA population was at risk and 78% of the cases occurred less than 10 km from deforestation. The highest niche overlap was between Calomys fecundus and Oligoryzomys chacoensis. Conclusions This study identifies potential risk areas for HPS transmission based on climatic and environmental factors that determine the distribution of the reservoirs and Orthohantavirus transmission in NWA. This can be used by public health authorities as a tool to generate preventive and control measures for HPS in NWA.

Mathematical Model of the Spread of Hantavirus Infection

“…In addition to the above, it is essential to avoid constructing houses near nature reserves in risk areas where rodents live [ 56 , 57 ]. In this, it is vital to conduct comprehensive risk assessments that determine the presence of rodents, history of hantavirus cases, and other environmental and epidemiological factors that are sufficient causes of the disease; involve the local community in decision-making on urban development and the protection of natural areas [ 58 ] that promote sustainable urban planning which considers the safety of the wild regions and the health of the population [ 59 ]; and strengthen legislation and policies that support the prevention, regulation, and restriction of new housing construction in areas identified as high-risk for HI.…”