Modeling predator–prey interaction: effects of perceived fear and toxicity on ecological communities

Das, Bijoy Kumar; Sahoo, Debgopal; Santra, Nirapada; Samanta, Guruprasad

doi:10.1007/s40435-023-01343-x

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…This is because predation events are easily observed in the field, and removing predators from the population would suggest that direct killing is the primary mechanism involved. However, an emerging theory suggests that the mere presence of a predator can have a profound impact on the behavior and physiology of prey, potentially having an even greater effect on prey populations than direct hunting [5][6][7][8][9]. Recently, both theoretical and empirical studies have revealed that not only direct predation and densitymediated effects, but also trait-mediated indirect effects can significantly alter the structure of an ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predator–Prey Interaction with Fear Effects: Stability, Bifurcation and Two-Parameter Analysis Incorporating Complex and Fractal Behavior

Din,

Naseem,

Shabbir

2024

Fractal Fract

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This study investigates the dynamics of predator–prey interactions with non-overlapping generations under the influence of fear effects, a crucial factor in ecological research. We propose a novel discrete-time model that addresses limitations of previous models by explicitly incorporating fear. Our primary question is: How does fear influence the stability of predator–prey populations and the potential for chaotic dynamics? We analyze the model to identify biologically relevant equilibria (fixed points) and determine the conditions for their stability. Bifurcation analysis reveals how changes in fear levels and predation rates can lead to population crashes (transcritical bifurcation) and complex population fluctuations (period-doubling and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations). Furthermore, we explore the potential for controlling chaotic behavior using established methods. Finally, two-parameter analysis employing Lyapunov exponents, spectrum, and Kaplan–Yorke dimension quantifies the chaotic dynamics of the proposed system across a range of fear and predation levels. Numerical simulations support the theoretical findings. This study offers valuable insights into the impact of fear on predator–prey dynamics and paves the way for further exploration of chaos control in ecological models.

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