Modeling sea‐salt aerosols in the atmosphere: 2. Atmospheric concentrations and fluxes

Gong, Sunling; Barrie, L. A.; Prospero, Joseph M.; Savoie, Dennis L.; Ayers, G. P.; Blanchet, Jean‐Pierre; Spaček, Ľuboš

doi:10.1029/96jd03401

Cited by 116 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Prior to version 3.0, the WRF model did not distinguish between ocean and freshwater bodies; instead, WRF-Chem assumes all non-land grid cells are over oceans and thus in our DEFAULT cases all water surfaces are treated as if they were ocean. As a result, in the DEFAULT cases the Great Lakes are emissions sources for large sea-salt particles based on the parameterization of Gong et al (1997). (In version 3.0 and later, there is a nondefault option in WRF that distinguishes between ocean and inland water bodies; however, WRF-Chem does not make use of this new land-use category and thus still treats all non-land grid cells as oceans.)…”

Section: Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2.4, WRF does not distinguish between ocean and freshwater lake water bodies, and so the publicly released versions of WRF-Chem (including the most recent release, version 3.3) treat all non-land surfaces as if they were oceans. Thus in standard WRF-Chem the Great Lakes are emissions sources for large sea-salt particles; specifically, the parameterization of Gong et al (1997) is used to model seasalt emissions and is applied identically to both oceans and any other water bodies large enough to appear in the model grid. Several DEFAULT simulations (Table 1) were carried out that left this obvious error in place to investigate how this simplification impacted the aerosol population dynamics within the model.…”

Section: "Freshwater Oceans"-standard Wrf-chem Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

2011

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Abstract. Quantifying the impacts of aerosols on climate requires a detailed knowledge of both the anthropogenic and the natural contributions to the aerosol population. Recent work has suggested a previously unrecognized natural source of ultrafine particles resulting from breaking waves at the surface of large freshwater lakes. This work is the first modeling study to investigate the potential for this newly discovered source to affect the aerosol number concentrations on regional scales. Using the WRF-Chem modeling framework, the impacts of wind-driven aerosol production from the surface of the Great Lakes were studied for a July 2004 test case. Simulations were performed for a base case with no lake surface emissions, a case with lake surface emissions included, and a default case wherein large freshwater lakes emit marine particles as if they were oceans. Results indicate that the lake surface emissions can enhance the surfacelevel aerosol number concentration by ∼20 % over the remote northern Great Lakes and by ∼5 % over other parts of the Great Lakes. These results were highly sensitive to the new particle formation (i.e., nucleation) parameterization within WRF-Chem; when the new particle formation process was deactivated, surface-layer enhancements from the lake emissions increased to as much as 200 %. The results reported here have significant uncertainties associated with the lake emission parameterization and the way ultrafine particles are modeled within WRF-Chem. Nevertheless, the magnitudes of the impacts found in this study suggest that further study to quantify the emissions of ultrafine particles from the surface of the Great Lakes is merited.

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Section: Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: "Freshwater Oceans"-standard Wrf-chem Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

2011

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“…Aerosol particles have been studied at Alert since 1980 (Barrie, 1986;Barrie et al, 1989;Gong et al, 1997;Sirois and Barrie, 1999;Sharma et al, 2004). The well-known phenomenon of Arctic haze is due to air masses originating from anthropogenic emission source regions in Eurasia and North America that are transported to and trapped in the Arctic air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric mercury speciation and mercury in snow over time at Alert, Canada

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Ten years of atmospheric mercury speciation data and 14 years of mercury in snow data from Alert, Nunavut, Canada, are examined. The speciation data, collected from 2002 to 2011, includes gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate mercury (PHg) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). During the winter-spring period of atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs), when GEM is close to being completely depleted from the air, the concentration of both PHg and RGM rise significantly. During this period, the median concentrations for PHg is 28.2 pgm−3 and RGM is 23.9 pgm−3, from March to June, in comparison to the annual median concentrations of 11.3 and 3.2 pgm−3 for PHg and RGM, respectively. In each of the ten years of sampling, the concentration of PHg increases steadily from January through March and is higher than the concentration of RGM. This pattern begins to change in April when the levels of PHg peak and RGM begin to increase. In May, the high PHg and low RGM concentration regime observed in the early spring undergoes a transition to a regime with higher RGM and much lower PHg concentrations. The higher RGM concentration continues into June. The transition is driven by the atmospheric conditions of air temperature and particle availability. Firstly, a high ratio of the concentrations of PHg to RGM is reported at low temperatures which suggests that oxidized gaseous mercury partitions to available particles to form PHg. Prior to the transition, the median air temperature is −24.8 °C and after the transition the median air temperature is −5.8 °C. Secondly, the high PHg concentrations occur in the spring when high particle concentrations are present. The high particle concentrations are principally due to Arctic haze and sea salts. In the snow, the concentrations of mercury peak in May for all years. Springtime deposition of total mercury to the snow at Alert peaks in May when atmospheric conditions favour higher levels of RGM. Therefore, the conditions in the atmosphere directly impact when the highest amount of mercury will be deposited to the snow during the Arctic spring.

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“…Sea salt emissions in the IMPACT model were those provided by Gong et al [1997]. An interpolation was made based on the algorithm of Monahan et al [1986] to derive the size-segregated mass fluxes.…”

Section: Global Aerosol and Chemistry Transport Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Chemistry: Understanding Aerosol/Oxidant Interactions

Penner¹

2005

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Abstract. Global radiative forcing of nitrate and ammonium aerosols has mostly been estimated from aerosol concentrations calculated at thermodynamic equilibrium or using approximate treatments for their uptake by aerosols. In this study, a more accurate hybrid dynamical approach (DYN) was used to simulate the uptake of nitrate and ammonium by aerosols and the interaction with tropospheric reactive nitrogen chemistry in a threedimensional global aerosol and chemistry model, IMPACT, which also treats sulfate, sea salt and mineral dust aerosol. 43% of the global annual average nitrate aerosol burden, 0.16 TgN, and 92% of the global annual average ammonium aerosol burden, 0.29 TgN, exist in the fine mode (D<1.25µm) that scatters most efficiently. Results from an equilibrium calculation differ significantly from those of DYN since the fraction of finemode nitrate to total nitrate (gas plus aerosol) is 9.8%, compared to 13% in DYN. Our results suggest that the estimates of aerosol forcing from equilibrium concentrations will be underestimated. We also show that two common approaches used to treat nitrate and ammonium in aerosol in global models, including the first-order gas-to-particle approximation based on uptake coefficients (UPTAKE) and a hybrid method that combines the former with an equilibrium model (HYB), significantly overpredict the nitrate uptake by aerosols especially that by coarse particles, resulting in total nitrate 2 aerosol burdens higher than that in DYN by +106% and +47%, respectively. Thus, nitrate aerosol in the coarse mode calculated by HYB is 0.18 Tg N, a factor of 2 more than that in DYN (0.086 Tg N). Excessive formation of the coarse-mode nitrate in HYB leads to near surface nitrate concentrations in the fine mode lower than that in DYN by up to 50% over continents. In addition, near-surface HNO 3 and NO x concentrations are underpredicted by HYB by up to 90% and 5%, respectively. UPTAKE overpredicts the NO x burden by 56% and near-surface NO x concentrations by a factor of 2-5. These results suggest the importance of using the more accurate hybrid dynamical method in the estimates of both aerosol forcing and tropospheric ozone chemistry.3

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Modeling sea‐salt aerosols in the atmosphere: 2. Atmospheric concentrations and fluxes

Cited by 116 publications

References 15 publications

Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

Regional impacts of ultrafine particle emissions from the surface of the Great Lakes

Atmospheric mercury speciation and mercury in snow over time at Alert, Canada

Heterogeneous Chemistry: Understanding Aerosol/Oxidant Interactions

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