Modeling studies of the far-field effects of tidal flat reclamation on tidal dynamics in the East China Seas

Sea level rise impact in residual circulation in Tagus estuary and Ria de Aveiro lagoon

“…The mean tidal energy dissipation was also calculated using formula ( 2 ) and analyzed to study the changes of tidal energy dissipation in different SLR scenario. The spatial pattern of mean tidal energy dissipation of control run (0 m SLR) was also consistent with previous studies of tidal energy ( Kang et al, 2002;Song et al, 2013;Yao et al, 2012), with the largest energy dissipation occurred near coast, especially where coastline was irregular ( not shown). Specifically, three sections were chosen to evaluate the effects of SLR on tidal energy (Figure 4b), it was clear to see that with SLR tidal energy entered into the Bohai Sea was decreased by increased energy dissipation, the tidal energy that entered into the Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay also decreased.…”

“…The simulated current state ( no SLR ) of M 2 tidal energy flux ( Figure 4a ) reached a good agreement with results from Song et al (2013) and Yao et al (2012). The tidal energy flux came into the Bohai Sea along the 50 m isobaths through the Bohai Strait, which broke into two branches: one branch turns northward into the Liaodong Bay and the remaining moves westward into the Bohai Sea interior (Zhu and Liu, 2012).…”

“…There were two amphidromic points located in Bohai Sea ( Figure 2a) : one at the offshore area of Qinhuangdao and one near the mouth of the Yellow River, which agreed well with previous publications ( Bao et al, 2001;Fang et al, 2004;Yu et al, 2003 ) , and with the new coastline, the changes of Yellow River Delta influenced its surrounding tidal wave and obstructed tidal energy here ( Pelling et al, 2013a ) , the amphidromic point near Old Yellow River Mouth has moved to southeast ( Hao et al, 2010) . Figure 2b and 2c showed the linear-fit between simulations and observed amplitude and phase lag, respectively, and compared to previous studies ( Bao et al, 2001;Song et al, 2013;Zhu and Liu, 2012) the average absolute error of amplitude in this paper is 3． 6 cm, and phase error is 7． 2°, we also used the variance VC = 1 -( R m R o ) 2 to quantify the model results, where R o is the root mean squared of observed values and R m is the root mean squared difference between model and observations (Pelling et al, 2013b). The modeled M 2 amplitudes and phases both achieved a variance captured of 99． 4% , which indicated that the errors are well controlled in the whole region, in general the established model of Bohai Sea could capture the tide correctly.…”

“…99b with 5′ resolution ( Matsumoto et al, 2000) . In the Bohai Sea, with shallow water tidal models are sensitive to bottom friction coefficient, and according to former simulations ( Lu and Zhang, 2006;Pelling et al, 2013a;Song et al, 2013;Yao et al, 2012) , the drag coefficient in the model was tuned to 1． 2×10 -3 m / s to minimize the simulation errors. The simulations were set up to enable inter-comparison and therefore all parameters were kept constant with the exception of sea level rise.…”

“…There have been many results about tide modeling in Chinese Sea ( Bao et al, 2001;Fang et al, 2004;Kang et al, 2002;Lefèvre et al, 2000;Song et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2014;Yao et al, 2012;Yu et al, 2003 ) . Some Chinese scientists have studied the effects of SLR on Chinese Sea ( Kuang et al, 2014;Yu et al, 2003Yu et al, , 2007 , but the conclusions were not consistent, especially the changes of tidal range and phase lags in local Bohai Sea.…”