Modeling the Anatomical Distribution of Sunlight^¶

Abstract

One of the major technical challenges in calculating solar irradiance on the human form has been the complexity of the surface geometry (i.e. the surface-normal vis-a-vis the incident radiation). Over 80% of skin cancers occur on the face, head, neck and back of the hands. The quantification, as well as the mapping of the anatomical distribution of solar radiation on the human form, is essential if we are to study the etiology of skin cancers or cataracts or immune system suppression. Using advances in computer graphics, including high-resolution three-dimensional mathematical representations of the human form, the calculation of irradiance has been attained to subcentimeter precision. Lighting detail included partitioning of direct beam and diffuse skylight, shadowing effects and gradations of model surface illumination depending on model surface geometry and incident light angle. With the incorporation of ray-tracing and irradiance algorithms, the results are not only realistic renderings but also accurate representations of the distribution of light on the subject model. The calculation of light illumination at various receptor points across the anatomy provides information about differential radiant exposure as a function of subject posture, orientation relative to the sun and sun elevation. The integration of a geodesic sun-tracking model into the lighting module enabled simulation of specific sun exposure scenarios, with instantaneous irradiance, as well as the cumulative radiant exposure, calculated for a given latitude, date, time of day and duration. Illustration of instantaneous irradiance or cumulative radiant exposure is achieved using a false-color rendering--mapping light intensity to color--creating irradiance or exposure isopleths. This approach may find application in the determination of the reduction in exposure that one achieves by wearing a hat, shirt or sunglasses. More fundamentally, such an analysis tool could provide improved estimates of scenario-specific dose (i.e. absorbed radiant exposure) needed to develop dose-response functions for sunlight-induced disease.

Daily, seasonal, and latitudinal variations in solar ultraviolet A and B radiation in relation to vitamin D production and risk for skin cancer

“…More than 75% of SCC and BCC in humans occur on sun‐exposed skin (head, neck, and hands) . The incidence of SCC on the nose is more than 200 times higher than that on the trunk, whereas the anatomical location of CM is not well correlated with exposure .…”

“…More than 75% of SCC and BCC in humans occur on sun‐exposed skin (head, neck, and hands) . The incidence of SCC on the nose is more than 200 times higher than that on the trunk, whereas the anatomical location of CM is not well correlated with exposure . Chronic UV exposure is strongly associated with an increased risk for SCC, whereas BCC and CM are related to chronic and intermittent UV exposure …”

Multidirectional Visibility Index for Analytical Shading Enhancement

“…Every raster cell of the SVF represents a portion of the visible sky from a certain terrain point ( Figure 5). The result is interrelated to diffuse irradiation or illumination (skylight; Streicher et al, 2004). More precisely, the SVF is the ratio of the radiation received (or emitted) by a planar surface to the radiation emitted (or received) by the entire hemispheric environment (Corripio, 2003).…”

The Solar Ultraviolet Environment at the Ocean

“…Several previous studies have developed detailed models of human anatomy for estimation of UV exposure. However, those studies used either broadband UV irradiance data measured on horizontal surfaces or simple broadband clear‐sky models to calculate UV doses.…”