Modeling the Dynamics and Control of Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi in Southeast Asia

Abstract

A mathematical model for transmission of schistosomes is useful to predict effects of various control measures on suppression of these parasites. This review focuses on epidemiological and environmental factors in Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi infections and recent advances in mathematical models of Schistosoma transmission.

Schistosoma japonicum in Samar, the Philippines: infection in dogs and rats as a possible risk factor for human infection

“…Second, our data from Samar show that the 12-month cumulative incidence of human schistosomiasis was almost as high as the prevalence estimates observed at baseline [17]. This is in contrast to the results of a transmission dynamics model using data from Bohol in the Philippines in the 1980s where the prevalence of infection 12 months following mass drug treatment with a coverage of 50% was about half of that estimated at baseline [13]. Hence, although we cannot be certain if the association between village-level prevalence of dog infection at baseline and human cumulative incidence of infection is due to dogs and humans sharing the same strains of S. japonicum and being exposed at the same sites or if dogs are the sources of human infection, our data and the literature tend to favour the latter hypothesis.…”

“…However, implementing MDA has been challenging due to ubiquitous water contact, heterogeneous acceptance of MDA and the presence of other mammalian reservoirs [9–12]. All mammalian hosts contribute to transmission by shedding S. japonicum eggs into or near water bodies, thereby increasing the risk of infection in all hosts [5, 13]. In China, the results from a clustered randomized trial conducted in four pairs of villages suggest that biannual MDA of bovines with praziquantel improves the effectiveness of human annual MDA with praziquantel, thus supporting the hypothesis that bovines act as a reservoir, although the sample size was small (eight villages) [14].…”

Trematodoses in Cattle and Buffalo Around Schistosomiasis Endemic Areas in Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia

“…Transmisi terjadi saat serkaria yang bebas dari keong Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis akan melakukan penetrasi melalui kulit pada hewan yang peka. Mamalia yang terinfeksi oleh Schistosoma japonicum dapat berkontribusi terhadap transmisi dengan cara melakukan pengeluaran telur Schistosoma japonicum bersamaan dengan pengeluaran tinja pada atau dekat dengan area berair, sehingga meningkatkan risiko infeksi pada semua jenis inang (Fernandez Jr et al 2007;Isikawa & Ohmae 2009;Carabin et al 2015).…”

Schistosomiasis japonica: Modelling as a tool to explore transmission patterns

“…/j.actatropica.2014.014 0001-706X/© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ishikawa and Ohmae, 2009;Michael et al, 2004;Ngwa and Shu, 2000;Schinaia, 2000;Swaminathan et al, 2008) and, secondly, statistical modelling including traditional statistics, Bayesian modelling and spatial statistics including spatio-temporal applications (Brooker and Clements, 2009;Cancre et al, 2000;Clements et al, 2006;Corner et al, 2013;Kloos et al, 1997;Sai et al, 2004a;Zhu et al, 2011).…”