Modeling the Effect of Direct and Indirect Contamination of On-Farm Bulk Tank Milk with <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis</i>

Okura, Hisako; Nielsen, Søren Saxmose; Toft, Nils

doi:10.1089/fpd.2012.1280

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…paratuberculosis levels were estimated to be between 1.2 and 2.8 CFU/ml (8). While a 2013 study reported similar levels (0.54 to 7.03 CFU/ml) in most of the cases, they predicted that concentrations of up to 10 4 CFU/ml can occur, although rarely, in a worst-case scenario of fecal contamination of milk (7). In this study, we used qPCR to test 48 individual raw bulk tank milk samples obtained from farmers in central Switzerland and found all of them to be negative for M. avium subsp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection

Peterz

Butot

Jagadeesan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The efficiency of direct steam injection (DSI) at 105°C for 3 s to inactivate Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk at a pilot-plant scale was investigated. Milk samples were artificially contaminated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and also with cow fecal material naturally infected with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. We also tested milk artificially contaminated with Mycobacterium smegmatis as a candidate surrogate to compare thermal inactivation between M. smegmatis and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Following the DSI process, no viable M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or M. smegmatis was recovered using culture methods for both strains. For pure M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures, a minimum reduction of 5.6 log 10 was achieved with DSI, and a minimum reduction of 5.7 log 10 was found with M. smegmatis. The minimum log 10 reduction for wild-type M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis naturally present in feces was 3.3. In addition, 44 dairy and nondairy powdered infant formula (PIF) ingredients used during the manufacturing process of PIF were tested for an alternate source for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and were found to be negative by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In conclusion, the results obtained from this study indicate that a >7-fold-log 10 reduction of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk can be achieved with the applied DSI process. IMPORTANCEM. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is widespread in dairy herds in many countries. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and infected animals can directly or indirectly (i.e., fecal contamination) contaminate milk. Despite much research and debate, there is no conclusive evidence that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a zoonotic bacterium, i.e., one that causes disease in humans. The presence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis or its DNA has been reported in dairy products, including pasteurized milk, cheese, and infant formula. In light of this, it is appropriate to evaluate existing mitigation measures to inactivate M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products. The work conducted in this study describes the efficacy of direct steam injection, a thermal process commonly used in the dairy industry, to eliminate M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and a surrogate bacterium in milk, thus ensuring the absence of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy products subject to these process conditions. M ycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a well-known animal pathogen that causes Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, in cattle. JD has a global occurrence and is widely prevalent among dairy herds (1). Besides the negative impact on animal health and welfare and being the cause of economic losses, e.g., due to reduced milk production, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis has also been suggested to be the causative agent of Crohn's disease in humans (2). It has been proposed that milk contaminated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis might act as a source of ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Through simulated modeling, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis levels in raw bulk tank milk (BTM) obtained from farms with good hygienic practices were estimated to fall between 0.54 and 7.03 CFU/ml (7). A recent quantitative risk assessment study of BTM supplied to three Italian dairy plants collected from 569 farms estimated M. avium subsp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection

Peterz

Butot

Jagadeesan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…This could be important if it is deemed that milk delivered for human consumption should be free of MAP, or if the MAP concentration should be below a certain threshold to ensure that pasteurization is effective [57]. However, the level of MAP in BTM may be greatly affected by indirect contamination via faeces from MAP excreting cows [58].…”

Section: Btm Culture and Btm Pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developments in diagnosis and control of bovine paratuberculosis.

Nielsen¹

2014

CABI Reviews

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Bovine paratuberculosis can be costly to farmers who, as a consequence, may be interested in control of the causative agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Between-herd spread is primarily due to movement of MAP-infected livestock, and within-herd transmission most often occurs when susceptible calves are exposed to the faeces of infectious adult cattle. This review provides an update on options to control MAP infections via the use of diagnostics, with an emphasis on dairy cattle. Control of MAP infections can be achieved through improved hygienic measures and reducing the exposure of susceptible animals to the milk and faeces of infected animals. However, cost-effectiveness may depend on labour costs, and strategic use of diagnostics may have certain appeals through the information provided. Current bulk tank milk tests are not deemed to have a role in MAP control, whereas other herd-level diagnostics can be useful to guide establishment of control schemes by estimating whether MAP infections are prevalent or not. Then, test strategies based on screenings using cow-level tests can be used to identify the majority of infectious animals. The proportion of detected infectious animals depends on the timing of testing. If test results are used for risk-based management, then it is of utmost importance that they are still valid when used. Test results 3-6 months old may have lost a significant part of their validity. However, more research on the validity of test results over time to determine the infectiousness of animals should be carried out to enable the design of better test strategies.

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“…There are various direct and indirect detection possibilities of MAP in feces and milk (Okura et al . ; Hatamifar et al . ; Husakova et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because there is no vaccination against MAP the only control of herd management is a close monitoring of the cattle and a culling of infected individuals as early as possible (Bastida and Juste 2011). There are various direct and indirect detection possibilities of MAP in feces and milk (Okura et al 2013;Hatamifar et al 2016;Husakova et al 2017). Either a direct detection of pathogens performed with faecal samples or organ material or an indirect method by antibody detection in serum or milk (Shreekumar and Jayarao 2002;Whittington 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay—a rapid and sensitive detection tool forMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin small ruminants

et al. 2019

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Aims The aim of this study was to design an assay for the identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) to be used in faeces and milk samples of small ruminants with a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) system, as a time‐saving and user‐friendly method in contrast to real‐time PCR. Methods and Results For the detection of MAP in milk and faeces of small ruminants, we developed a set of primers, specific for the target gene ISMap02. The analytical sensitivity of LAMP, when targeting ISMap02, showed a DNA detection limit of 10 fg μl−1. After performing spiking experiments with two MAP reference strains, DSM 44133 and ATCC 19698T, the limit of detection, using the LAMP protocol described herein were 3·8 MAP CFU per ml milk and 12·5 MAP CFU per gram faeces. All LAMP results during the establishment of the assay were compared to those of the real‐time PCR results. An internal amplification control was incorporated into the assay to exclude false‐negative results produced and had no significant negative impact on the analytical sensitivity. Validation of the assay was confirmed by testing field samples of faeces and revising the results with real‐time PCR. Conclusion Our study conducted the first MAP detection system with a LAMP targeting ISMap02. Due to the positive results we encourage the use of LAMP in combination with ISMap02, when detecting MAP in faeces samples, as an alternative to targeting other genes as f57 or IS900. Further research on MAP detection in different matrices like raw milk, tissue or sperm with this system is recommended. Significance and Impact of the Study This study provides new achievements in MAP diagnostic. Especially small ruminants do not show signs of diarrhoea until the terminal stage of the illness. The greatest task in fighting MAP is to rule out animals, which shed MAP with faeces and milk before showing symptoms of Johne's disease. Worldwide there is a need to eradicate animals, which are low MAP shedders to stop the illness spreading in animal holdings. MAP detection with LAMP is time saving, easy to use, does not need expensive equipment, as, for example, PCR kits and can be used without access to laboratories. The target gene ISMap02 was shown to be a specific insertion element for MAP and is a reliable aim in future MAP detection studies.

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Modeling the Effect of Direct and Indirect Contamination of On-Farm Bulk Tank Milk with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection

Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection

Developments in diagnosis and control of bovine paratuberculosis.

Development and validation of a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification assay—a rapid and sensitive detection tool forMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin small ruminants

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