Modeling the Effect of Spending on Cyber Security by Using Surplus Process

Abstract

<jats:p>In this paper, we assume the security level of a system is a quantifiable metric and apply the insurance company ruin theory in assessing the defense failure frequencies. The current security level of an information system can be viewed as the initial insurer surplus; defense investment can be viewed as premium income resulting in an increase in the security level; cyberattack arrivals follow a Poisson process, and the impact of attacks is modeled as losses on the security level. The occurrence of cyber breach is modeled as a ruin event. We use this framework to determine optimal investment in cyber security that minimizes the total cyber costs. We show by numerical examples that there is an optimal allocation of total cyber security budget to (1) IT security maintenance/upkeep spending versus (2) external cyber risk transfer.</jats:p>

Study on Mesoscopic Mechanics of Recycled Asphalt Mixture in the Indirect Tensile Test

“…In this paper, the digital model for the indirect tensile test of recycled asphalt mixtures was established, and the servo mechanism was used to control the load application of the digital specimen, then the mesoscopic damage changes of the specimen were tracked during the loading process. e difference between the numerical simulation and the experimental results was compared, and the feasibility of the DEM was verified [31][32][33][34]. A binary image of the cross section of specimen was obtained as the numerical simulation object of the indirect tensile test and is shown in Figure 3.…”