“…For these reasons, MC has historically been used to model complex phenomenon and carry out high fidelity simulations, e.g., configuration factors for complex geometries [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], radiation heat transfer in porous, fibrous, and highly scattering turbid media [39][40][41][42][43][44][45], radiation between surfaces with strongly directionally dependent properties [46,47], combustion and flames [48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55], and shock waves [56]. The fact that MC usually provides an unbiased estimate with an unambiguous error estimate also makes it the default technique for validating and benchmarking other solution schemes [57][58][59].…”