Modeling the Germination Kinetics of Clostridium botulinum 56A Spores as Affected by Temperature, pH, and Sodium Chloride

Chea, Fabiola P.; Chen, Yuhuan; Montville, Thomas J.; Schaffner, Donald W.

doi:10.4315/0362-028x-63.8.1071

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The asymmetric shape of the germination distribution curves, with a majority of spores germinating within a short time interval followed by a long tail of late-germinating spores, is similar to that reported in previous germination-only studies of individual spores of bacillus or clostridia (4,5,6,7,11,21,22,23). Billon et al examined the effect of incubation temperature on germination times for individual spores of proteolytic C. botulinum 62A (4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Contrasting Effects of Heat Treatment and Incubation Temperature on Germination and Outgrowth of Individual Spores of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Bacteria

Stringer

Webb

Peck

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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In this study, we determined the effects of incubation temperature and prior heat treatment on the lag-phase kinetics of individual spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Eklund 17B. The times to germination (t germ ), one mature cell (t C1 ), and two mature cells (t C2 ) were measured for individual unheated spores incubated at 8, 10, 15, or 22°C and used to calculate the t germ , the outgrowth time (t C1 ؊ t germ ), and the first doubling time (t C2 ؊ t C1 ). Measurements were also made at 22°C of spores that had previously been heated at 80°C for 20 s. For unheated spores, outgrowth made a greater contribution to the duration and variability of the lag phase than germination. Decreasing incubation temperature affected germination less than outgrowth; thus, the proportion of lag associated with germination was less at lower incubation temperatures. Heat treatment at 80°C for 20 s increased the median germination time of surviving spores 16-fold and greatly increased the variability of spore germination times. The shape of the lag-time (t C1 ) and outgrowth (t C1 ؊ t germ ) distributions were the same for unheated spores, but heat treatment altered the shape of the lag-time distribution, so it was no longer homogeneous with the outgrowth distribution. Although heat treatment mainly extended germination, there is also evidence of damage to systems required for outgrowth. However, this damage was quickly repaired and was not evident by the time the cells started to double. The results presented here combined with previous findings show that the stage of lag most affected, and the extent of any effect in terms of duration or variability, differs with both historical treatment and the growth conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Contrasting Effects of Heat Treatment and Incubation Temperature on Germination and Outgrowth of Individual Spores of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Bacteria

Stringer

Webb

Peck

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…1971; Ando 1973a); strain differences were also identified (Blocher and Busta 1985). A predictive model of the effect of temperature (15–30°C), pH (5·5–6·5) and NaCl (0·5–4·0%) on germination of spores of strain 56A in Brain Heart Infusion Broth has been published (Chea et al . 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a novel method to characterize the response of spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types B, E and F to a wide range of germinants and conditions

Plowman

Peck

2002

J Appl Microbiol

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Aims: Limited information is available on the germination triggers for spores of nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum. An automated system was used to study the effect of a large number of potential germinants, of temperature and pH, and aerobic and anaerobic conditions, on germination of spores of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum types B, E and F. Methods and Results: A Bioscreen analyser was used to measure germination by decrease in optical density. Results were con®rmed by phase-contrast light microscopy. Spores of strains producing type B, E and F toxin gave similar results. Optimum germination occurred in. A further 12 combinations of factors induced germination. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium thioglycollate and heat shock each enhanced germination, but were not essential. Germination was similar in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The optimum pH range was 5á5±8á0, germination occurred at 1±40°C, but not at 50°C, and was optimal at 20±25°C. Conclusions: The automated system enabled a systematic study of germination requirements, and provided an insight into germination in spores of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum. Signi®cance and Impact of the Study: The results extend understanding of germination of non-proteolytic Cl. botulinum spores, and provide a basis for improving detection of viable spores.

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“…In the field of food safety research, laboratory studies have investigated spore resistance and factors favoring and limiting C. botulinum germination and growth—for example, the tolerated ranges for temperature, pH, and salinity (Chea et al, 2000; Hinderink et al, 2009; Derman et al, 2011; Stringer et al, 2011). However, the mechanisms triggering a botulism outbreak in the environment remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Environments and Regionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Botulism outbreaks in natural environments â€“ an update

Espelund

Klaveness

2014

Front. Microbiol.

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Clostridium botulinum comprises a diverse group of botulinum toxin-producing anaerobic rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria that are ubiquitously distributed in soils and aquatic sediments. Decomposition of plants, algae, and animals creates anaerobic environments that facilitate growth of C. botulinum, which may then enter into food webs leading to intoxication of animals. Via saprophytic utilization of nutrients, the bacteria rapidly sporulate, creating a reservoir of highly robust spores. In the present review, we focus on the occurrence of C. botulinum in non-clinical environments, and examine factors influencing growth and environmental factors associated with botulism outbreaks. We also outline cases involving specific environments and their biota. In wetlands, it has been found that some C. botulinum strains can associate with toxin-unaffected organisms–-including algae, plants, and invertebrates–-in which the bacteria appear to germinate and stay in the vegetative form for longer periods of time. We suggest the need for future investigations to resolve issues related to the environments in which C. botulinum spores may accumulate and germinate, and where the vegetative forms may multiply.

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Modeling the Germination Kinetics of Clostridium botulinum 56A Spores as Affected by Temperature, pH, and Sodium Chloride

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Contrasting Effects of Heat Treatment and Incubation Temperature on Germination and Outgrowth of Individual Spores of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Bacteria

Contrasting Effects of Heat Treatment and Incubation Temperature on Germination and Outgrowth of Individual Spores of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Bacteria

Use of a novel method to characterize the response of spores of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum types B, E and F to a wide range of germinants and conditions

Botulism outbreaks in natural environments â€“ an update

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