Modeling the mind: Assessment of if…then… profiles as a window to shared and idiosyncratic psychological processes

Zayas,; Rt, Lee; Shoda, Yuichi

doi:10.31234/osf.io/tq36v

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…Based on the CAPS model, if…then contingencies would emerge from individual differences in the organization of the cognitive-affective processing system and its activation in response to environmental variables (Mischel & Shoda, 1995;Shoda et al, 1994). As such, SCSCs would be informative of the underlying personality system, although different cognitive-affective systems could produce similar contingencies (e.g., Zayas et al, 2021). From a more classical trait perspective, some authors define basic personality traits such as the Big Five as decontextualized, average tendencies (e.g., McAdams & Pals, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Beyond individual differences in the average activation of cognitiveaffective units, individual differences are proposed in associations among units and with features of the situation, which results in consistent and observable if (situation)…then (behavior) contingencies (Mischel & Shoda, 1995). Previous work has mainly focused on intra-individual if…then profiles (e.g., Fournier et al, 2008;Furr, 2009;Shoda et al, 1994), though recent work building on the CAPS model has also proposed the examination of individual differences in specific contingencies (Zayas et al, 2021). Denissen and Penke (2008) suggest a reconceptualization of personality traits as reactivities.…”

Section: Background Theoretical Relevance Of Contingenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Individual Differences in Contingencies Between Situation Characteristics and Personality States

Kuper¹,

Breil²,

Horstmann³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Contingencies between situational variables and psychological states have been proposed as key individual difference variables by many theoretical approaches to personality. Despite their relevance, the basic properties, nomological correlates, and factor structure of individual differences in contingencies have not been examined so far. We address these fundamental questions in five studies with overall N = 952 participants and N = 32,052 unique assessments. Individual differences in situation characteristic – state contingencies (SCSCs) between DIAMONDS situation characteristics and Big Five personality states were examined in everyday life. SCSCs showed substantial variation across participants, and individual differences in them were moderately reliable (average meta-analytic reliability = .47) and short-term stable (average meta-analytic latent stability = .43). They were weakly and inconsistently related to average personality states, self-reported personality traits, subjective happiness, and socio-demographic variables across studies. However, there were meaningful intercorrelations among SCSCs that could be described by four factors: contingencies involving (1) positive states and situational problems, (2) positive states and situational rewards, (3) thinking/work and requirements of thinking/work, and (4) neurotic states. Overall, our findings support the notion of SCSCs as potentially important individual difference variables, and we sketch future lines of research on contingencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background Theoretical Relevance Of Contingenciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Contingencies Between Situation Characteristics and Personality States

Kuper¹,

Breil²,

Horstmann³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Additionally, increasing the number of trials that each participant completes may increase the sensitivity of the EPT to assess implicit self-evaluations. Finally, further examination of heterogeneity in implicit self-evaluations using indirect measures that are better suited for assessing individual differences would advance our understanding of the personality system-both shared and unique aspects (Zayas et al, 2021).…”

Section: Unanswered Questions and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Study 4 summarizes the results of meta-analyses of all the available data estimating the strength and robustness of positive and negative implicit self-evaluations. Moreover, following calls to assess the extent to which psychological processes show heterogeneity, the meta-analyses also estimated the heterogeneity in the strength of positive and negative implicit self-evaluations (Bolger et al, 2019; Whitsett & Shoda, 2014; Zayas et al, 2021). Naturally, these analyses speak to the presence of individual differences .…”

Section: Social Cognitive Conceptualizations Of the Personality Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, we aimed to more precisely estimate the extent to which self-primes trigger both positive and negative evaluations by capitalizing on the large number of participants ( N = 495) across all studies. These analyses also evaluated the heterogeneity of implicit self-evaluations (Bolger et al, 2019; Zayas et al, 2021; Whitsett & Shoda, 2014). That is, to what extent do individuals differ from one another in the strength of their positive and negative implicit self-evaluations?…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Me as good and me as bad: Priming the self triggers positive and negative implicit evaluations.

Zayas¹,

Wang²,

McCalla³

2022

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

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Although theories of personality and human behavior have long assumed that the self is affectively complex, widely used indirect measures of implicit self-evaluations have largely focused on the robustness and cultural universality of the self's positivity. Such indirect measures assess evaluations on a single continuum, ranging from positive to negative. Thus, they focus on the self's relative positivity and are inherently incapable of assessing whether the self is associated with good and bad. Using the well-established evaluative priming task, the present work tested the hypothesis that positive implicit self-evaluations coexist with an inkling of negative implicit selfevaluations. Studies 1 and 2 empirically demonstrated that priming the self facilitated the classification of both positive and negative targets (bivalent-priming). In contrast, replicating classic findings, priming a personally significant, liked object facilitated the classification of positive targets and inhibited the classification of negative targets (univalent-priming). Study 3 showed that the bivalent-priming triggered by self-primes cannot be explained by alternative accounts (e.g., arousal, vigilance). Meta-analyses of all studies attests to the robustness and reproducibility of self-primes triggering both positive and negative implicit evaluations.Moreover, tests estimating heterogeneity in the strength of implicit self-evaluations indicated that individual differences in nonclinical, healthy individuals may be limited, possibly reflecting measurement limitations, the nature of implicit self-evaluations, or both. Overall, the present work shines a spotlight on a previously undocumented effect: Despite the self's robust net positivity, the self reliably triggers negative implicit self-evaluations. Implications for the conceptualization, assessment, and consequences of implicit self-evaluations are discussed.

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Modeling the mind: Assessment of if…then… profiles as a window to shared and idiosyncratic psychological processes

Cited by 2 publications

References 96 publications

Individual Differences in Contingencies Between Situation Characteristics and Personality States

Individual Differences in Contingencies Between Situation Characteristics and Personality States

Me as good and me as bad: Priming the self triggers positive and negative implicit evaluations.

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