Modeling the nature and development of major paleozoic clastic wedges in the Appalachian Basin, USA

Ettensohn, Frank R.

doi:10.1016/j.jog.2004.02.009

Cited by 64 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…A comparison of the present stratigraphy and unit distribution of latest Ordovician-Silurian black shales and related stratigraphic successions in South China with the lithosphereflexural succession model for subduction-generated foreland basins in North America (Ettensohn, 1994(Ettensohn, , 2004 (Fig. 3) shows that they are in very good agreement with each other.…”

Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…Wignall, 1994;Ettensohn, 1994Ettensohn, , 2004. Undoubtedly, the distribution of black shales and related strata near the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China similarly reflect particular tectonic and depositional settings, and hence, these two factors will be examined together below.…”

Section: Distribution Of the Wufeng And Longmaxi Formationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3) shows that they are in very good agreement with each other. In the view of Ettensohn's (1994Ettensohn's ( , 2004 flexural model, a black-shale sequence with a diachoronous base should be generated by the cratonward (northwestward, Figs. 1 and 2) movement of the migrating peripheral bulge.…”

Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig. 3 Generalized model of a foreland-basin lithologic succession (a) during the related flexural processes (b) during subduction-type orogenies on a continent margin (after Ettensohn, 1994Ettensohn, , 2004 Furthermore, a preliminary study on the K-bentonites in the Ordovician-Silurian black shales of the WufengLongmaxi formations has been reported (Su et al, 2003a(Su et al, , 2006see Fig. 4).…”

Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonic and eustatic control on the distribution of black-shale source beds in the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China

Ettensohn

et al. 2007

Front. Earth Sci. China

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It is known that high-quality, black-shale source rocks occur in the uppermost Ordovician Wufeng Formation and in the lowermost Silurian Longmaxi Formation in South China. Hence, it is important to understand their lithostratigraphy and the controls on their deposition. A review of lithostratigraphic criteria for subdividing the two adjacent formations provides new regional correlations between the formations and related stratigraphic successions and facies. Both the black shales and the related, overlying flysch deposits at the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China appear to have migrated northwestward in time and space, reflecting probable flexural control in a foreland basin that developed in response to subduction-type orogeny southeast of the Yangtze block. The black shales also contain K-bentonites from explosive, felsic-intermediate volcanism, the distribution of which also supports orogeny to the southeast. Finally, the analysis of sequence stratigraphy, which shows that the initiation of transgressive system tracts (TST) and condensed section (CS) in the related third-order sequences coincided with the two black-shale horizons respectively, indicates that the main controlling factors for the deposition of the Ordovician-Silurian black shales in South China are (1) northwestwardly migrating, foreland-basin subsidence caused by deformational loading related to episodic accretion of the Cathaysia block to the Yangtze block during this period, and (2) the anoxic, sediment-starved water column caused by rapid rise of the sea-level during the two successive phases of third-order global sea-level rise near the Ordovician-Silurian transition in South China. In future exploration for hydrocarbon source rocks in the area, it is important to consider likely flexural and eustatic causes for subsiding, deep, anoxic seas in recognizing other source rock intervals, and our understanding of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations may serve as models for future source rock exploration.

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Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Distribution Of the Wufeng And Longmaxi Formationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tectonic Evolution Versus Black Shales At the Ordovician-silmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonic and eustatic control on the distribution of black-shale source beds in the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China

Ettensohn

et al. 2007

Front. Earth Sci. China

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“…The origin of the dissolved solids in the high-TDS produced water is an unresolved issue, with suggestions including dissolution of water-soluble salts in the shale formation, extraction of pore-bound water, diffusion osmosis, and accessing of formation water in shale fractures or adjacent formations (Blauch et al, 2009;Warner et al, 2012a;2012b;Haluszczak et al, 2013;Capo et al, 2014;Engle and Rowan, 2014;Engelder et al, 2014;Balashov et al, 2015;Rowan et al, 2015). The Marcellus Formation was deposited in the Appalachian Basin, a restricted foreland basin at near-equatorial latitudes that formed in response to tectonic loading to the east (Quinlan and Beaumont, 1984;Beaumont et al, 1988;Ettensohn, 1985;1992;2004;Kohl et al, 2014). It overlies the Lower Devonian Onondaga Limestone, and is overlain by silts and shales of the Hamilton Group, which is capped by the Tully Limestone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of brines, salts and carbonate from shales of the Marcellus Formation: Evidence from geochemical and Sr isotope study of sequentially extracted fluids

Stewart

Chapman

Capo

et al. 2015

Applied Geochemistry

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Fluids co-produced with methane from hydraulically fractured organic-rich shales of the Marcellus Formation (USA) are characterized by high total dissolved solids (TDS), including elevated levels of Ba, Sr and Br. To investigate the source and geologic history of these high-TDS fluids and their dissolved constituents, we carried out a series of sequential extraction experiments on dry-drilled cuttings extracted within, below and above the Marcellus Shale from a well in Tioga County, New York State. The experiments were designed to extract (1) water soluble components, (2) exchangeable cations, (3) carbonate minerals, and (4) hydrochloric acidsoluble constituents. The geochemistry of the resultant leachates highlights the different geochemical reservoirs for extractable elements within the shale; notably, Na and Br were largely water-soluble, while Ba was extracted primarily from exchangeable sites, and Ca and Sr were found both in exchangeable sites and carbonate. Strontium isotope ratios measured on the leachates indicate that each of the element reservoirs has a distinct value. Measured 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios in the water soluble component are similar to those of Marcellus produced water, while the ion exchange reservoir yields lower ratios, and carbonate Sr is lower still, approaching Devonian-Silurian seawater values. Despite the isotopic similarity of water leachates and produced water, the total water chemistry argues against generation of produced water by interaction of hydraulic fracturing fluid with "dry" shale. The high-TDS produced water is most likely trapped formation water (within and/or adjacent to the shale) that is released by hydraulic fracturing. The formation water was affected by multiple processes, possibly including basin scale, tectonically-driven fluid flow. Significant chemical and isotopic differences between Marcellus Shale produced water and overlying Upper Devonian/Lower Mississippian produced waters suggests a hydrologic barrier has been maintained in parts of the Appalachian Basin since the late Paleozoic.

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Environmental Implications of Regional Geology and Coal Mining in the Appalachians

Eriksson

Daniels

2020

Appalachia's Coal-Mined Landscapes

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Modeling the nature and development of major paleozoic clastic wedges in the Appalachian Basin, USA

Cited by 64 publications

References 64 publications

Tectonic and eustatic control on the distribution of black-shale source beds in the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China

Tectonic and eustatic control on the distribution of black-shale source beds in the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations (Ordovician-Silurian), South China

Origin of brines, salts and carbonate from shales of the Marcellus Formation: Evidence from geochemical and Sr isotope study of sequentially extracted fluids

Environmental Implications of Regional Geology and Coal Mining in the Appalachians

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