Modeling the Nonlinear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers

Rosado, J.

doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2938018

Cited by 15 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The miniaturization of a PET system is seriously limited as a result of the large volume and high working voltage of PSPMT. A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), also referred to as a multi pixel photon counter (MPPC), according to the operation principle, as a new type of semiconductor device, is gradually replacing the PSPMT in a new generation of photodetectors in PET systems [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ] based on the advantages of high quantum efficiency, high gain, fast time response, low operating voltage, compact structure, and immunity to magnetic fields [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Deng

Chen

2020

Sensors

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Positron emission tomography (PET) has a wide range of applications in the treatment and prevention of major diseases owing to its high sensitivity and excellent resolution. However, there is still much room for optimization in the readout circuit and fast pulse sampling to further improve the performance of the PET scanner. In this work, a LIGHTENING® PET detector using a 13 × 13 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystal array read out by a 6 × 6 silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array was developed. A novel sampling method, referred to as the dual time interval (DTI) method, is therefore proposed to realize digital acquisition of fast scintillation pulse. A semi-cut light guide was designed, which greatly improves the resolution of the edge region of the crystal array. The obtained flood histogram shown that all the 13 × 13 crystal pixels can be clearly discriminated. The optimum operating conditions for the detector were obtained by comparing the flood histogram quality under different experimental conditions. An average energy resolution (FWHM) of 14.3% and coincidence timing resolution (FWHM) of 972 ps were measured. The experimental results demonstrated that the LIGHTENING® PET detector achieves extremely high resolution which is suitable for the development of a high performance time-of-flight PET scanner.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Deng

Chen

2020

Sensors

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“…Next, we apply an ADC-to-energy non-linearity correction by studying the gain calibration value for each given DOI across different energies and fitting a quadratic curve across them. The non-linearity could originate in the SiPM [21] or the readout electronics [18]. In addition, variations in the ASIC pedestal from the calibration and actual measurement could also affect the calorimeter's response.…”

Section: Position and Energy Calibrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The SiPM non-linearity may arise from the microcell size as well as the full active area. As reported in [16], [17], the non-linearity can be introduced by the limited number of pixels and active area. The performance of the prototype does not meet our desired upper energy range of 400 MeV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of the ComPair gamma-ray telescope prototype

Shy¹,

Kierans

Cannady

et al. 2022

Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

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There is a growing interest in the science uniquely enabled by observations in the MeV range, particularly in light of multi-messenger astrophysics. The Compton Pair (ComPair) telescope, a prototype of the AMEGO Probe-class concept, consists of four subsystems that together detect and characterize gamma rays in the MeV regime. A double-sided strip silicon Tracker gives a precise measure of the first Compton scatter interaction and tracks pair-conversion products. A novel cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector with excellent position and energy resolution beneath the Tracker detects the Compton-scattered photons. A thick cesium iodide (CsI) calorimeter contains the high-energy Compton and pair events. The instrument is surrounded by a plastic anticoincidence (ACD) detector to veto the cosmic-ray background. In this work, we will give an overview of the science motivation and a description of the prototype development and performance.

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“…However, in the non-stationary case, the solution is only available in a discretized form. A comprehensive statistical model for the output charge of SiPM for an arbitrary light-pulse shape is presented in [ 30 ], but not for the directly measurable voltage. A simplified solution for the output signal statistics is presented in [ 31 ] with a focus on the signal-to-noise ratio of a single event and not the complete waveform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of Silicon Photomultiplier Output Signals

Kolka

Barcik

Biolková

2022

Sensors

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Silicon photomultipliers are relatively new devices designed as a matrix of single-photon avalanche detectors, which have become popular for their miniature dimensions and low operating voltage. Their superior sensitivity allows detecting low-photon-count optical pulses, e.g., in ranging and LIDAR applications. The output signal of the photomultiplier is a non-stationary stochastic process, from which a weak periodic pulse can be extracted by means of statistical processing. Using the double-exponential approximation of output avalanche pulses the paper presents a simple analytical solution to the mean and variance of the stochastic process. It is shown that even for an ideal square optical pulse the rising edge of the statistically detected signal is longer than the edge of individual avalanche pulses. The knowledge of the detected waveform can be used to design an optimum laser pulse waveform or algorithms for estimating the time of arrival. The experimental section demonstrates the proposed procedure.

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Modeling the Nonlinear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Design and Evaluation of LYSO/SiPM LIGHTENING PET Detector with DTI Sampling Method

Development of the ComPair gamma-ray telescope prototype

Statistical Analysis of Silicon Photomultiplier Output Signals

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