Modeling the thermal decomposition and residual mass of a carbon fiber epoxy matrix composite with a phenomenological approach: Effect of the reaction scheme

Langot, Jean; Chávez-Gómez, Pablo; Lévesque, Martin; Robert, Étienne

doi:10.1002/fam.2974

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…All the composites demonstrated a similar multiple stage thermal decomposition behavior. The differential curve peaks correspond to the decomposition temperature of each of the constituents in the composite. , The increase in the thermal stability of the ENLO composite with the thermally treated sorghum filler systems was evident from the TGA results, with C-Cn exhibiting the highest stability. C-Cn had the highest residue yields, followed by C-Tr.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sustainable Thermosets and Composites Based on the Epoxides of Norbornylized Seed Oils and Biomass Fillers

Thomas

Bouscher

Nwosu

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Thermosets and composites were fabricated from the epoxides of norbornane seed oils (linseed oil, soybean oil, high-oleic soybean oil, and non-modified seed oils). The epoxides were cured using a cationic initiator to mold thermosets. Thermosets were characterized for their curing behavior and T g by dynamic scanning calorimetry, crosslinking efficiency by Soxhlet extraction, and thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Steric hindrance of the norbornylized seed oils had a perturbing effect on the extent of epoxidation. However, the higher ring strain energy of the norbornene moieties played a key role in epoxide curing, resulting in higher T g thermosets with higher crosslinking efficiency. To the epoxide system with the highest optimum balance of T g, crosslinking efficiency, and thermal stability, lignocellulosic sorghum-derived biomass fillers were added. The addition of biomass fillers increased the bio-based content and reduced the cost and weight of the composites. Further, torrefied and carbonized sorghum filler variants were used to study the effect of the extent of thermal treatment on curing and on the final thermoset properties. Fillers were characterized by TGA, IR, elemental analysis, and solid-state NMR. Glass fiber-reinforced composites were molded using the optimum formulation. The mechanical and thermal properties of the novel hybrid biocomposites were investigated using universal testing machine (UTM), impact tester, and TGA. Both the sorghum-filled thermosets and composites showed enhanced thermomechanical property as compared to the non-filled epoxy systems. Carbonized sorghum filler composites exhibited the highest mechanical properties and thermal stability. Elemental differences and biomass precursor differences such as the cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content were found to play a critical role toward the composite properties. The SEM images showed good interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix, fillers, and fiber phase in the biomass-filled composites. Thus, the fabricated composites demonstrate the potential for being used as sustainable, greener, and lightweight composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sustainable Thermosets and Composites Based on the Epoxides of Norbornylized Seed Oils and Biomass Fillers

Thomas

Bouscher

Nwosu

et al. 2022

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The decomposition temperature of each of the constituents was demonstrated by distinct differential curve peaks in the composite. 74,75 The earlier detected boost in thermal stability of ENLO-F with thermally treated sorghum filler was retracted in the case of composites too, with ENLO-F-GF exhibiting the highest stability. Incorporation of glass fiber reinforcement also increased the thermal stability, as observed in Table 7.…”

Section: Study Of Composite Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Acid-Cured Norbornylized Seed Oil Epoxides for Sustainable, Recyclable, and Reprocessable Thermosets and Composite Application

Thomas

Nwosu

Soucek

2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Reprocessable and recyclable thermosets were produced from the epoxidized norbornene seed oils (soybean oil and linseed oil). The epoxides were copolymerized using disulfidebased aromatic carboxylic acid to mold thermosets and composites. Both the neat and reprocessed thermosets were characterized for cross-linking efficiency by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Soxhlet extraction, and swelling tests; for thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA); and for T g by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical properties of the thermosets were also investigated. Further, carbonized biomass sorghum fillers were added into the system to assess their effect on the final properties. Increased bio-based content, cost, and weight savings were introduced into the system by virtue of biomass filler addition. Lastly, glass-fiber-reinforced composites were molded, and their mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated using an impact tester and a universal testing machine (UTM) and by DMA and TGA, respectively. It was noticed that higher seed oil functionalization resulted in higher the reactivity and final performance properties like cross-linking density, thermal stability, and tensile modulus. Nonfilled epoxy systems in comparison to the sorghum-filled thermosets and composites showed enhanced thermomechanical properties. Chemical recycling and reprocessing abilities of these highly bio-based materials were also investigated. The research thus demonstrates the systems' possible use in environmentally friendly, sustainable, and lightweight composites.

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“…This translates into challenging design constraints for modern aircraft, since they extensively rely on inherently‐flammable carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites 2 . The intricate thermal, physical, and chemical processes involved in CFRP combustion 3,4 make the fate of CFs exposed to fire difficult to predict. Moreover, desirable outcomes are sometimes conflicting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon fiber damage evolution under flame attack and the role of impurities

et al. 2022

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Carbon fibers (CFs) are prone to extensive oxidation under fire attack, for instance, in an aircraft fire scenario. This work addresses the damage mechanisms observed on polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based CFs with different microstructure exposed to open flames. A fixed-point technique was developed to follow-up individual CFs by means of time-controlled insertion into premixed methane/air flames, followed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses.Besides diameter reduction, three localized damage mechanisms were discerned in the presence of impurities, which were quantified by neutron activation analysis (NAA). Severe pitting was ascribed to catalytic oxidation mainly caused by alkali and alkaline earth metals. After an initial period where catalytic reactions between impurities and the carbon surface dominate, the flame stoichiometry governed the CF gasification process, with lean flames being much more aggressive than rich ones.A second mechanism, channeling, was caused by mobile metallic impurities. Some impurities showed an opposite effect, lowering reactivity and thus preventing further catalysis. Amorphous damage with a skin-peeling effect is believed to be the result of localized impurities at high concentrations and microstructural variations. Hindrance or synergistic effects between impurities are discussed. Finally, apparent axial pit growth rates were determined and compared with other carbonaceous materials, revealing a strong influence of impurities and the flame reactive atmosphere on CF oxidation.

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Modeling the thermal decomposition and residual mass of a carbon fiber epoxy matrix composite with a phenomenological approach: Effect of the reaction scheme

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Sustainable Thermosets and Composites Based on the Epoxides of Norbornylized Seed Oils and Biomass Fillers

Sustainable Thermosets and Composites Based on the Epoxides of Norbornylized Seed Oils and Biomass Fillers

Acid-Cured Norbornylized Seed Oil Epoxides for Sustainable, Recyclable, and Reprocessable Thermosets and Composite Application

Carbon fiber damage evolution under flame attack and the role of impurities

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