Modeling to predict thermal aging for flame-retardant fabrics considering thermal stability under fire exposure

Liu, Xiaohan; Tian, Miao; Wang, Yunyi; Su, Yun; Li, Jun

doi:10.1177/00405175211013835

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Liu et al 24 Exposure to 30-60 kW/m 2 using Meker burners 1-27 s Firefighters' protective clothing is repeatedly exposed to a wide variety of temperatures and heat fluxes. Thermal aging of textiles is typically conducted in the laboratory using small-scale test equipment, typically the same equipment that is used in standard test methods.…”

Section: Ormond and Gabler 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of high heat flux exposures on tensile strength of firefighters' protective clothing

et al. 2021

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Summary The effects of thermal aging on tensile strength of three Kevlar/PBI blends used in the outer shell layer of firefighters' protective clothing were examined using cone calorimeter exposures of 10‐70 kW/m2 for 30‐300 seconds. Lower heat flux exposures of 10‐15 kW/m2 did not result in significant change in the tensile strength of the fabrics, but significant losses of tensile strength were first observed as the heat fluxes increased to 20‐30 kW/m2 for two ripstop fabrics, and 45 kW/m2 for the third fabric. Further decreases in tensile strength were observed with increasing heat flux until there was almost a total loss of original tensile strength following exposure to 70 kW/m2. Decreases in tensile strength were explained by comparing fabric temperature measurements made using an infrared thermometer, key temperatures in thermal gravimetric analysis test results, and the appearance of the three fabrics after the exposures. While duration of exposure had little effect on tensile strength after exposures to 10 kW/m2, tensile strength decreased with duration of exposure for heat fluxes of 20‐40 kW/m2. The effect of duration was greatest for a heat flux of 20 kW/m2. These results indicate that one must consider not only the maximum temperature that the fabric reaches, but the complete temperature‐time trace, including the time at which the fabric remains at the maximum temperature, when examining the effects of thermal aging on tensile strength.

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Section: Ormond and Gabler 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of high heat flux exposures on tensile strength of firefighters' protective clothing

et al. 2021

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“…The effects of repeated exposure to heat of personal protective gear have often been studied [7,8,[19][20][21][22]. Variables included intensity of heat flux, time, and frequency of exposure, among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ultimately could contribute to the causes of injury to firefighters. The change of strength of the fabrics used in bunker gear due to radiant heat exposure has been extensively examined [7,8,[19][20][21][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. However, a determination of strength loss of the outer layer after being exposed to heat when the fabric is in moist condition has not been carried out.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the Tensile Strength of the Fabrics Used in Firefighters’ Bunker Gear under Radiant Heat Exposure

et al. 2022

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More than 60,000 firefighters’ injuries were reported by the National Fire Protection Association in the U.S. in 2019. Inadequate protection by bunker gear could be a reason for most of the injuries. Firefighters repeatedly encounter thermal hazards due to their job responsibilities. Degradation could occur on bunker gear fabric during thermal exposure. It has been found that the presence of moisture affects performance as well, which may come from wearers’ sweat. Proper evaluation of the tensile strength of the fabrics used in bunker gear could provide information essential for maintenance the overall integrity of the gear. An evaluation of the tensile strength of fabrics when exposed to 10, 15, and 20 kW/m2 radiant heat flux in the presence of moisture is reported. In each fabric system, a total of sixty-four different samples were prepared for four different types of fabric and four levels of moisture which were exposed to three different radiant heat flux for five minutes. Heat flux and moisture levels have significant impact on tensile strength. The effect of moisture on tensile strength in a three-layered fabric system is higher than that for a single layer fabric. An understanding of the impact of heat and moisture on fabric strength has been achieved.

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“…Aramid and polyimide fibers belong to intrinsic flame retardant fibers, which have good flame retardant and high temperature resistance, but these intrinsic flame retardant fibers are expensive, hard feeling, hard to dye and easy to discolor when exposed to ultraviolet light. [3][4] Flame retardant nylon has excellent wear resistance and hand feel, but it is easy to degrade after long-term solar irradiation. 5 In contrast, flame retardant polyester industrial yarn is costeffective and meets the necessary mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure design of polyester industrial yarns with excellent flame retardancy and high strength

Song²,

Wei

et al. 2022

Journal of Industrial Textiles

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In order to solve the problem that it is difficult to balance the high strength and flame retardancy of polyester industrial yarn, the possibility of controlling the uniform dispersion of flame retardant without affecting the crystallization of polyester was discussed in this paper. The long-chain branched flame retardant with good thermal stability in the range of processing temperature was chosen to blend with high viscosity polyester. The addition of flame retardant reduced the melt viscosity and the crystallization ability of polyester, so the melt spinning and drawing process of the flame retardant polyester industrial yarn were optimized for the sufficient crystallization of polyester based on the rheological and crystallization properties of flame retardant polyester. Due to the steric effect of flame retardant, it was eliminated from the crystal region and only existed in the amorphous region of polyester. As a result, the microstructure with high crystallinity and orientation and the morphology with a uniform dispersion of flame retardant were obtained. The flame retardant high strength polyester industrial yarn was successfully prepared with a limiting oxygen index of 32.0% and a breaking strength of 8.0 cN/dtex, which meets the UL-94 V-0 standard and shows good durability of flame retardant after washing and rubbing treatment, achieving the goal of flame retardancy and high strength for the polyester industrial yarn.

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Modeling to predict thermal aging for flame-retardant fabrics considering thermal stability under fire exposure

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of high heat flux exposures on tensile strength of firefighters' protective clothing

Effects of high heat flux exposures on tensile strength of firefighters' protective clothing

Characterizing the Tensile Strength of the Fabrics Used in Firefighters’ Bunker Gear under Radiant Heat Exposure

Microstructure design of polyester industrial yarns with excellent flame retardancy and high strength

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