Modeling visibility for assessment

Shannon, J.D.; Trexler, E.C.; Sonnenblick, Richard

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00226-4

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although approximately equal average annual emissions should obtain in the long run, the EPA forecast suggests a higher baseline level of emissions and hence greater 6. Shannon et al (1997) find the predictions of AS-TRAP and RADM in reasonable agreement for predicting atmospheric sulfate concentrations in the eastern United States. However, weather patterns appear to be handled differently in a way that could account for much of the difference in benefits.…”

Section: 5%mentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Sullivan and Cosby (1995); Small et al (1995). Shannon, Trexler andSonnenblick (1997) Englin (1991) Chestnut and Rowe (1990) 0,…”

Section: B Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sullivan and Cosby (1995); Small et al (1995). Shannon, Trexler and Sonnenblick (1997) Englin (1991) Chestnut and Rowe (1990) bidity effects of various types, the number of chronic disease cases, and the number of statistical lives lost to premature death. The change in the annual number of impacts of each health endpoint is the output.…”

Section: B Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain

Burtraw¹,

Krupnick²,

Mansur³

et al. 1998

Contemporary Economic Policy

154

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The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments initiated a dramatic reduction in emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides by electric power plants. This paper presents the results of an integrated assessment of the benefits and costs of the program. Dramatic uncertainties characterize the estimates especially with respect to the benefits of the program, many of which were modeled explicitly. The lion's share of benefits results from reduced risk of premature mortality, especially through reduced exposure to sulfates, and these expected benefits measure several times the expected costs of the program. Significant benefits also are estimated for improvements in health morbidity, recreational visibility, and residential visibility, each of which measures approximately equal to costs. Areas that were the focus of attention in the 1980s-including effects to soils, forests, and aquatic systems-still have not been modeled comprehensively, but evidence suggests that benefits in these areas are relatively small, at least with respect to "use values" for the environmental assets that are affected. Copyright 1998 Western Economic Association International.

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Section: 5%mentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Sullivan and Cosby (1995); Small et al (1995). Shannon, Trexler andSonnenblick (1997) Englin (1991) Chestnut and Rowe (1990) 0,…”

Section: B Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Health Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain

Burtraw¹,

Krupnick²,

Mansur³

et al. 1998

Contemporary Economic Policy

154

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“…The reasons for this are not yet clear. The VASM simulations using only DC data indicate a generally greater level of haziness, particularly in winter (about 5 deciviews), considerably more than the change expected by 2010 (seasonal median improvements of 1.3 to 2.2 deciviews) from the implementation of the utility SO2 reductions mandated by the Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (Shannon et al, 1996(Shannon et al, , 1997. This result emphasizes the need either to obtain urban particle measurements for use in VASM and other visibility assessment models or to develop parameterizations of the urban perturbations on the regional particle concentration fields, perhaps as a function of population.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding the horizons of the Visibility Assessment Scoping Model (VASM)

Shannon¹

1998

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INTRODUCTIONThe Visibility Assessment Scoping Model (VASM) has successfully simulated seasonal distributions of hourly visual impairment, or haziness, that compare favorably with observations for both relatively polluted eastern sites and relatively pristine western sites in the United States (Shannon et a/., 1997). The VASM approach combines regional modeling of seasonal mean concentrations of key anthropogenic particle species with Monte Carlo statistical techniques using past monitoring data and relative humidity (RH) climatology. The Monte Carlo method requires as input the seasonal geometric mean and standard deviation of daily concentrations of six particle species: sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and dust in the fine particle mode (aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 pm), and dust in the coarse particle mode (diameter between 2.5 and 10 pm). (NOTE: the coarse-particle mode is treated as dust regardless of actual speciation.) In addition, the Monte Carlo method uses inter-species seasonal correlations of daily concentrations, RH climatology (seasonal means, standard deviations of daily averages, and typical diurnal patterns), and predicted future mean seasonal concentrations for one or more particle species. The VASM technique thus far has been applied in integrated assessment only where fine-particle monitoring and speciation measurements have taken place for a time sufficient for reliable statistical input into the Monte Carlo process (Henrion et al., 1997;Shannon, 1998). Thus, haziness changes resulting from emission changes have been quantitatively evaluated only at those monitoring locations. For use in comprehensive cost-benefit analyses consistent with estimation of the total costs of emissions controls, it is desirable to extend the estimation of changes in haziness to the entire region of interest. APPROACHThe simplest approach to extending the results of VASM analyses to benefits analysis for large regions (the eastern United States, for example) would be to assume that the mean or median decrease in haziness at the selected sites examined can be applied to the entire region. The focus is on a single emission species (SO*). The emissions policies examined are quite broad in their effects on emission patterns (and thus on the regional sulfate pattern). The simple averaging approach becomes more problematic when multiple pollutant species are being more tightly controlled or when the emissions changes are more focused spatially.In any case, to demonstrate that such a simplified approach is adequate, one would need to compare it with a more spatially complete assessment of improvements in visibility.Although the monitoring of haziness and fine-particle concentrations is likely to increase because of new and proposed regulations about PM2.5 concentrations and regional haze, considerable time must pass before suitable quality controlled data become available for use in assessment. Thus, some form of interpolation or extrapolation of the data from monitoring sites is likely to remain...

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Study of atmospheric visibility pertaining to soot scavenging by sulfate droplets

Ioannidou

2005

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer

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Modeling visibility for assessment

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain

Costs and Benefits of Reducing Air Pollutants Related to Acid Rain

Expanding the horizons of the Visibility Assessment Scoping Model (VASM)

Study of atmospheric visibility pertaining to soot scavenging by sulfate droplets

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