Since the initial discovery of the role of histamine in allergic conditions (1) serious efforts have been made to develop drugs that inhibit the actions of histamine. Already in 1933, Fourneau and Bovet (2) reported the first "antihistamine" piperoxan. Following this finding many potent H 1 antagonists that can be considered as variations of diaryl-substituted ethylamines (e.g. diphenhydramine and mepyramine) have been developed (for review see Ref.3). These "first generation" H 1 antagonists are quite effective in humans in allergic rhinitis and urticaria, but because of central nervous system penetration and central H 1 receptor blockade their clinical use is hampered by sedative side effects (3-5). A "second generation" of nonsedative H 1 antagonists (e.g. astemizole, acrivastine, cetirizine, loratidine, and terfenadine) has recently been developed (for review see Ref.3). Their altered pharmacokinetics result in good clinical effectiveness combined with a strongly reduced sedative potential (3-5).The development of H 1 antagonists has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry (3). With the availability of the genetic information of the histamine H 1 receptor (6), the rationalization of drug-protein interaction has become a major challenge for this therapeutically important class of drugs. Like all aminergic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), 1 the H 1 receptor contains an aspartate residue (Asp 116 ) in transmembrane domain (TM) III (6), that is involved in the binding of the protonated amine function found in both agonists and antagonists structures (7,8). Mutagenesis studies have furthermore shown that the imidazole ring of histamine is accommodated by Lys 200 and Asn 207 in TM V (9, 10). In view of the low sequence similarity between GPCRs and bacteriorhodopsin (BR) much controversy exists on the validity of models derived for GPCRs based on the homology with BR (11-13). Nevertheless, despite the speculative nature of BRderived GPCR models they have been quite helpful in understanding and predicting drug-receptor interactions for a variety of receptors (see e.g. Refs. 14 -16). Previously, we also developed a three-dimensional computer model of the histamine H 1 receptor based on the homology with BR, incorporating the results obtained from mutagenesis studies on the agonist binding site (17). In the present study this computer model of the H 1 receptor was combined with a pharmacophoric model of the H 1 antagonistic binding site (18). This ligand-based model for the H 1 antagonistic binding site is based upon an interaction of the protonated amine function of various first generation, semi-rigid H 1 antagonists with an aspartate residue (Asp 116 in the guinea pig H 1 receptor) (18) and precisely positions the cis-and trans-aromatic rings of the H 1 antagonists relative to the C ␣ and C  carbon atoms of this aspartate residue. Combining the three-dimensional receptor model and the ligand-based pharmacophoric model of the H 1 antagonist binding site resulted in the prediction of interactions...