Modelling compound flooding: a case study from Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

The paper investigates compound flooding from waves, sea surge and river flow in northern Jakarta, Indonesia, which is a global hotspot of flooding, by combining process-based coastal and river models. The coastal hydrodynamic modelling of Jakarta Bay in Indonesia shows that coastal storms can lead to a substantial increase in sea water level due to wind and wave setup in the nearshore areas, including Muara Angke river inlet. The compound flood hazard from a range of flood scenarios was simulated and analysed. The results reveal that low-lying areas around the river inlet are prone to flooding even during regular, low-intensity storm events, while rarer storms caused extensive floods. Floods were not caused by direct overwashing of sea defences but by overspill of the banks of the river inlet due to high sea water level caused by wind set up, wave setup, and sea surge obstructing the drainage of the river and elevating its water level during storms. We also found that the sea level rise combined with rapid land subsidence will inundate the existing coastal flood defences during storms in future. The majority of the city will be below mean sea level by 2100. The overflow of existing coastal defences will lead to extensive flooding in northern, western, and eastern Jakarta unless the defences are upgraded to keep up with future sea level rise.

Analysis of Compound Flooding in the Cakung Drain Area, DKI Jakarta Province

“…The computation of Storm Surge values is conducted for each wind occurrence from the northwest direction, leading to the determination of maximum Storm Surge values between 2008 and 2022. The assumption is based on earlier research, indicating that storms persist for 24 hours and the surge peak aligns with the highest tidal water level [11].…”

“…The conditions conducive to compound flooding in coastal areas are primarily influenced by four factors: (1) the combination of tidal and high astronomical tide (storm surge); (2) waves generated either locally or remotely (storm waves); (3) river flow; and (4) direct surface runoff [10]. In coastal regions, the severity of compound flooding intensifies during intense rainfall events accompanied by storm conditions [11].…”

Mapping Compound Flooding Risks for Urban Resilience in Coastal Zones: A Comprehensive Methodological Review

“…Shen (2022) coupled a storm-surge model with a coupled 1D/2D urban flood model to quantify the impact of possible future climate scenarios on the transportation infrastructure in Norfolk, Virginia, USA [119]. Bennett (2023) studied compound flooding in North Jakarta, Indonesia caused by waves, tides, and river flow, using a coupling of the Delft3D and HEC-RAS models [120]. Hydrodynamics-based coupled models have the advantage of using readily available datasets or simulation results from open models as inputs.…”