Modelling, Design and Validation of Spatially Resolved Reflectance Based Fiber Optic Probe for Epithelial Precancer Diagnostics

Singh, Paritosh; Pandey, Prabodh Kumar; Shukla, Shivam; Naik, Naren; Pradhan, Asima

doi:10.3390/app10248836

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…To overcome this, a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe (SRFP) is widely recognized and used due to its advantages such as increased DRS data dimensionality and information density for unique determination of tissue optical properties and separation of ρ provides depth sensitivity and specific tissue application to reduce noise 27 . The SRFP has been utilized to distinguish the normal and malignant types of tissue such as brain, 28 colon, 29 stomach, 30 bovine and chicken tissue, 31 porcine oesophageal, 27 cervical precancer, 32 epithelial precancer, 33 and wound in rats 34 . However, to the best of our knowledge, no SRFP has been used so far to detect spatially resolved DRS signal from normal and diabetic human foot to diagnose DFU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and evaluation of a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe for diffuse reflectance measurement for noninvasive diabetic foot ulcer diagnosis perspective

Kumar,

Hattale,

Pawar

et al. 2024

Opt. Eng.

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Timely diagnosis and monitoring of wound progression or healing are key to improving the long-term outcome of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) has the potential to noninvasively diagnose the DFU in real time, as it detects changes in local blood volume fraction and oxygenation state level that occur when tissue becomes diseased or ulcerated. Since foot soles have a thicker epidermis and deeper blood vessels/capillaries than other parts of the body, a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe (SRFP) is needed to detect the optimal spatially resolved diffuse reflectance (SRDR) signal from the local site of the ulcer for DFU diagnosis. Therefore, herein, an SRFP consisting of a linear array of seven 400-μm fibers with detector-source (D-S) fiber separation (ρ) ranging from 0.8 to 4.8 mm was designed, fabricated, tested, and evaluated for SRDR measurement from a standard reflectance plate of barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ) and foot sole of 27 healthy human subjects. The variation in SRDR spectra for each detector and source fiber pair measured with BaSO 4 was found to be less than 1.6%. In-vivo measurements from the foot sole demonstrate that the fabricated probe has the ability to spatially resolve and distinguish the SRDR spectra from sites, namely, the fifth metatarsal, ball of great joint, calcaneum, and great toe. Experimentally and theoretically, the detector and source fiber pair of ρ ¼ 1.6 and 2.4 mm were optimal for SRDR measurements from a human foot. To evaluate and validate the performance of SRFP in a context relevant to DFU diagnosis, further SRDS measurements were performed on the solid tissue phantoms that mimic the optical properties of the normal and diabetic foot sole, and their results are statistically found different. Preliminary results suggest that developed SRFP can be explored for DRS measurement from foot ulcer patients to confirm its potential clinical applicability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and evaluation of a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe for diffuse reflectance measurement for noninvasive diabetic foot ulcer diagnosis perspective

Kumar,

Hattale,

Pawar

et al. 2024

Opt. Eng.

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“…Fluorescence spectroscopy captures biochemical and morphological changes occurring in different layers of tissue with disease progression. These changes play a significant role in identifying discriminatory signatures present in the fluorescence spectra of different grades of abnormalities [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Cervical tissue undergoes various changes with increasing abnormality such as breakage of collagen fiber cross-links in the bottom stromal layer, increase in NADH fluorescence and decrease in FAD fluorescence in the top epithelium layer due to increase in the metabolic activities, hence change in the energy cycle [25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A smartphone‐based standalone fluorescence spectroscopy tool for cervical precancer diagnosis in clinical conditions

Shukla,

Deo,

Vishwakarma

et al. 2024

Journal of Biophotonics

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Real‐time prediction about the severity of noncommunicable diseases like cancers is a boon for early diagnosis and timely cure. Optical techniques due to their minimally invasive nature provide better alternatives in this context than the conventional techniques. The present study talks about a standalone, field portable smartphone‐based device which can classify different grades of cervical cancer on the basis of the spectral differences captured in their intrinsic fluorescence spectra with the help of AI/ML technique. In this study, a total number of 75 patients and volunteers, from hospitals at different geographical locations of India, have been tested and classified with this device. A classification approach employing a hybrid mutual information long short‐term memory model has been applied to categorize various subject groups, resulting in an average accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of 96.56%, 96.76%, and 94.37%, respectively using 10‐fold cross‐validation. This exploratory study demonstrates the potential of combining smartphone‐based technology with fluorescence spectroscopy and artificial intelligence as a diagnostic screening approach which could enhance the detection and screening of cervical cancer.

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“…Light in its visible, infrared and UV wavelengths has been used by researchers to identify subtle bio-chemical and morphological changes at cellular level which occur during cancer progression. Optical methods such as fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) [7][8][9][10], diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) [11,12], and Raman spectroscopy (RS) [13,14], etc., are being widely explored for early diagnosis of various types of cancers [15][16][17]. The first use of optical technique for disease diagnosis was reported by Alfano et al in 1987 through fluorescence spectra of breast and lung human tissues in their normal and diseased form [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical pre‐cancer classification using entropic features and CNN: In vivo validation with a handheld fluorescence probe

Deo,

Sah,

Shukla

et al. 2023

Journal of Biophotonics

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Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer, with a lengthy latent period and a gradual onset phase. Conventional techniques are found to be severely lacking in real time detection of disease progression which can greatly enhance the cure rate. Due to their high sensitivity and specificity, optical techniques are emerging as reliable tools, particularly in case of cancer. It has been seen that biochemical changes are better highlighted through intrinsic fluorescence devoid of interference from absorption and scattering. Its effectiveness in in‐vivo conditions is affected by the fact that the intrinsic spectral signatures vary from patient to patient, as well as in different population groups. Here, we overcome this limitation by collectively enumerating the subtle changes in the spectral profiles and correlations through an information theory based entropic approach, which significantly amplifies the minute spectral variations. In conjunction with artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) tools, it yields high specificity and sensitivity with a small dataset from patients in clinical conditions, without artificial augmentation. We have used an in‐house developed handheld probe (i‐HHP) for extracting intrinsic fluorescence spectra of human cervix from 110 different subjects drawn from diverse population groups. The average classification accuracy of the proposed methodology using 10‐fold cross validation is 93.17%. A combination of polarised fluorescence spectra from i‐HHP and the proposed classifier is proven to be minimally invasive with the ability to diagnose patients in real time. This paves the way for effective use of relatively smaller sized sensitive fluorescence data with advanced AI/ML tools for early cervical cancer detection in clinics.

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Modelling, Design and Validation of Spatially Resolved Reflectance Based Fiber Optic Probe for Epithelial Precancer Diagnostics

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

Fabrication and evaluation of a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe for diffuse reflectance measurement for noninvasive diabetic foot ulcer diagnosis perspective

Fabrication and evaluation of a spatially resolved fiber-optic probe for diffuse reflectance measurement for noninvasive diabetic foot ulcer diagnosis perspective

A smartphone‐based standalone fluorescence spectroscopy tool for cervical precancer diagnosis in clinical conditions

Cervical pre‐cancer classification using entropic features and CNN: In vivo validation with a handheld fluorescence probe

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