“…The assessment of intermediate services is often more costly and time-consuming than for final services. This partly stems from the lack of proxies for ecological functions and the fact that links between ecosystem functions and final services may be context dependent, e.g., depend on spatial association (Tixier et al, 2013) or ecosystem type (Feld et al, 2009 Kremen et al, 2002), indicators of service provision (e.g., dung removal by dung beetles; Gollan et al, 2013) and proxies that are indirectly linked to ecosystem services (e.g., proportion of semi-natural habitats in the surrounding of a focal field; Rusch et al, 2012). During the past decade, there has been considerable effort in developing instruments to perform assessments of ecosystem services, but measuring ecosystem services based on scientific standards is still not trivial (Carpenter et al, 2009).…”